Sport

The teenagers present a great challenge to parents who have the duty to bring up righteous individuals who adheres to the rule of law. Sports have been identified as one of the ways in which the youth can spend their free time in a constructive manner to avoid getting into troubles.

The youth in the current times do find themselves in trouble even when they least expect it. The media, internet, and availability of drugs and prohibited substances are the major causes of social problems facing the youth today. Young lads are often found engaging in troublesome activities like petty crime and drug abuse if left unattended to. The youth therefore requires to be well occupied during their free time with constructive activities so as to avoid the problem of being lured in deviant behavior.

This paper shall emphasize on the importance of sports as one way in which the teenagers might be kept out of trouble.

Sports and Teenagers
Parents are presented with a great challenge of bringing up the youths in the righteous manner especially during their teens.  The parents have to be on the forefront and take the necessary measures in preventing the youths from falling prey to the dangers that they are prone to within the society. Sporting is one way in which the youths should spent their free time. It is obvious that the teenagers who are engaged in sporting activities shall have little or no time to engage in troublesome activities which include drinking alcohol, taking drugs, engaging in violence, sex and delinquent activities. This can be substantiated by the survey that was carried out by an opinion research organization-Public Agenda- which revealed that sporting and other constructive activities were very crucial in the positive development of the teenagers.

Conclusion
It is imperative to note that sports provide the teenagers with the best alternative to spend their free time. Sporting activities leaves the youth with no time in which they might be able to think of engaging in trouble. Their free time is spent in the sporting activities and also the sports help in maintaining their physical health and building a good social life.

The company is private and deals with provision of services such as food, beer, transportation, parking among others in event of sports to students, alumni and facility members. Provision of quality services especially focusing on traffic control and safety of children is the main mission of the company. According to Mullins 7 domains of attractive industry, there are certain considerations that make the company attractive. The five forces include threat of entry, supplier power, buyer power, threat of substitutes and competitive rivalry. From the macro economic level of view, these opportunities provide a mechanism for evaluating the attractiveness of the company.

The provision of transport services to and from UCLA and USC stadiums, supply of food, drinks and other services is a very involving business. The games provide the organization with attractive opportunities to serve students and alumni better. To gain good reputation, venture in investment opportunities and get name recognition in LA area requires proper strategies. As serious entrepreneurs with objective of serving an attractive market, the company should consider forces that determine attractiveness of an industry.

First force is threat of entry, which defines the scope of business. During the time of planning for the party, it is important to consider strong and durable barriers to entry so as to preserve a favorable position (Herman Barry, 2001). To survive in the industry the company should consider time in picking students to and from the stadiums. Second force is supplier power and the major consideration is the number of suppliers with their unique products or services. The company has fewer supplier choices and this is a positive step towards achievement of the companys goals. The fewer the supplier choices and high demand for suppliers help means the suppliers are more powerful.

Third, buyer power is a consideration that ensures the company is recognized in LA area. Buyer power is high for this company and certain considerations have to be put in place. It is important to note how the students and alumni will drive prices down, importance of each individual buyer and perhaps the cost incurred by the students for switching from companys services to others. Fourth, threat of substitutes is an area that should be put under consideration when planning for the party. The company should consider providing services that cannot be compromised by presence of other substitute products in terms of quality.

There are a number of alternatives in the industry but the company can survive through provision of their transport and food services at affordable prices and quality should be of essence. Fifth, competitive rivalry is an area of consideration, as high number of competitors will reduce the capability of the company to supply adequate transport services, food, and drinks.

The company can satisfy students by providing students with well-conditioned buses that have music and video. This will maintain competition at high level beating other companies providing the same services. After clear consideration of the five forces, I find the company more attractive in providing services to students, facility members and alumni. The college games have provided the best opportunity to the industry making it effective to offer the services of transportation to and from the venue for games.

Associazione Calcio Milan, more popularly known as A.C. Milan, was originally formed in the year 1899. It is one of the richest clubs and most prestigious clubs in Italy also well known for the quality football they play. A.C. Milan has won 18 trophies including seven Champions League titles, five UEFA Super Cups, three Intercontinental Cups, two UEFA Cup Winners Cups and one Club World Cup. It does not end there for the AC Milan has also been champion in the National level 17 times.

On the 2nd of June, 2010, AC Milan was up against Montreal Impact at the Olympic Stadium. The teams were equally excited at the historic game that they were facing and both thought that the game will be a historic event. Indeed, it was. With 47,861 spectators in the Olympic Stadium in Montreal, it was a bomb for AC Milan to win 4-1 against Montreal Impact.

The scoreboard was opened by AC Milan on the twelfth minute when Ronaldinho centered the ball for Seedorf who fortunately crossed to Pato safe on the right side pulling a clean score up against Impacts Matt Jordan. The score was tied on the seventeenth minute by David Testo. On the twenty-fifth minute the score was already 2-1 in favor of AC Milan with the efforts of Ronaldinho, Seedorf and Filippo Inzaghi. Ronaldinho scored the winning goal at the 81st minute against Montreal Impact goalkeeper Srdjan Dkekanovicswitch.

The game was an over-all success and was fairly played by both teams. Tonights game was an excellent experience for the club, the players and the city of Montreal, Marc Dos Santos, Montreal Impacts coach said. In the same way, AC Milan was glad about the great welcome they received from their host.

Specific Purpose I will inform my audience of the history of football and why the FIFA World Cup is the most popular sporting event.

Central Idea The history of football reveals how the sport was once a way of life to several nations the sport is widely appreciated across the globe because its roots can be trace to influential nations that spread the football fever worldwide.

Attention Getter For the Game. For the World. That is FIFAs commitment to its fans (Federation Internationale de Football Assocation). Indeed, the Federation Internationale de Football Assocation, or FIFA, has the world hooked on football.

Reveal topic The history of the sport itself will tell us how it has become such a popular sport globally.

Credibility Statement As a great fan of soccer, as the Americans would call football, I have done some detailed research on the sports origin and how it rose to fame.

Relevancy Statement It is worth our time to explore the beginnings of football and the FIFA World Cup because it brings together football players and football enthusiasts to celebrate the most popular sport.

Preview The history of football reveals how the sport was once a way of life to several nations the sport is widely appreciated across the globe because its roots can be trace to influential nations that spread the football fever worldwide.

Transition The immense popularity of football can be best understood if one takes a glimpse of its history.

Body
There were already primitive forms of football long before the codes and rules of football were formally created.

The earliest known form of football was called TsuChu (Federation Internationale de Football Association).

The game consists of kicking a leather ball filled with feathers and hair through the opening, measuring only 30-40 cm in width, into a small net fixed into bamboo canes (Federation Internationale de Football Association).

The only body parts that were allowed for use were the feet, chest, back and shoulders to withstand the attacks of opponents.

The Romans had their own versions  the Harpastum (Federation Internationale de Football Association).

There were two teams on a rectangular field marked by boundary lines.
The objective of the game was to get the ball over the oppositions boundary lines and as the players passed it between themselves, trickery was the order of the day (Federation Internationale de Football Association).

The game remained popular for 700-800 years and the Romans took it to Britain with them (Federation Internationale de Football Association).

Official history documents show that football was born in the British Isles from the 8th to the 19th centuries (Federation Internationale de Football Association).

Primitive football was more disorganized, more violent, and more spontaneous and usually played by an indefinite number of players (Federation Internationale de Football Association).

There were many forms of football in the early British times, depending on the region.
Scholars say that early football players found inspiration in the natural impulse to demonstrate strength and skill during pagan rituals.

It was not until 1863 that the rules of football were established.

While primitive football was widely appreciated, the sport met opposition views when it was turned into a formal sport in as early as 1314 football was a highly controversial sport for over 300 years (Federation Internationale de Football Association).

There were some movements to refine the sport to make it more acceptable.
Football only became acceptable in the 19th century when schools started mandating football as a sport because it fostered qualities such as loyalty, selflessness, cooperation, subordination and deference to team spirit.

The progress reached its Zenith when Cambridge officials convened to discuss common ground rules for the game.

This meeting marked the birth of The Football Association.

Progress was quick from there and spread all over the world, mainly because of the British influence abroad.

The Federation Internationale de Football Association was founded in 1921.
Its membership grew from 21 in 1921 to 41 in 1930, when the first World Cup was held.
(Internal Summary The global history of football reveals that the sport started as a way of life and was gradually transformed into a formal sport.)

The FIFA World Cup is currently the largest and most lucrative sporting event in the world (Doley).
It is a de facto sport of almost 2 billion people from 93 countries (Doley).

The sport also has the largest fan base, players and professional leagues in Europe and Latin America.

Football has also become a great source of income because of football clubs where major shareholders and players profit from the sport greatly (Giulianotti, 87).

Football, FIFA in particular, has become phenomenal because major brands sponsor the game as a way of advertising their brand because of the sports huge fan base.

(Internal Transition The football fever has become so intense for millions worldwide that businesses see it as an opportunity to profit)

Transition Football has indeed gone a long way from a primitive, regional sport to a global phenomenon

Conclusion
Summary Statement The main reason FIFA World Cup is the most awaited sporting event is that football is a way of life that has been embedded in the history of major civilizations.
History reveals that it is both appreciated in the West (Britain and Rome) and the East (China).
FIFAs major sponsors invest in the sport because football is one of the greatest cultural institutions which shapes and cements national identities throughout the world (Giulianotti, 23).
Memorable Closing Statement For the game, for the world. FIFA, indeed, brings nations across the world closer together in one highly-anticipated event. Watch FIFA matches and see how cultural diversity in one venue through a single, very simple sport.

Mental Skill Training
Parents often come to trainers with the problem that their kids need  help as they are  not confident  about playing well on the field, and asking what can be done to help them, get over their fears and develop into more confident and  better players.

The use of imagery as a means of building confidence can be used, and used at the simplest level whether you are a coach or a parent, and it is a system which can easily be worked.

The first step towards this would be to question the child what they want to be, and what does it feel like to be someone who is able to perform. By keeping at it, the child begins to have an image of that in mind.  As the mind does not differentiate between the real thing and the imagined, and by keeping at it, the practice of just getting in as much positive thought as possible, and using the power of the mind to help build confidence. The need is to develop consistency in whatever aspect of the sport that is needed, and just to avoid seeing the negatives and getting to see the positives.

Some kids have a problem that they just cant keep their attention on the game and allow their mind to wander. To overcome this, performance routine can be introduced and there should be a purpose between the exercise, especially as each child needs a check list, so that they can focus on the next play rather than let their mind wander around to the stands where their parents may be sitting.  This can be called CPT - control, play and trust.  Control covers learning to stay calm and getting ready for the game. Play can involve warming up and running around and finally Trust which is meant to help focus on the pitch or game and trusting yourself to do whatever it is that is to be done. In this manner they develop some accountability.

Self Doubt and Change
Dr.Patrick Cohn who is a well sports Psychologist in his video on  High and  Strict Expectations of  Sports Persons, talks about  how players can  carry self doubt into a game which  can affect their performance. He describes self doubt as the opposite of self confidence, and as something that undermines you. When you doubt your ability to perform well at any time, and you are questioning yourself that is self doubt.

How does one determine self doubt  The mind at any given time is either contributing or undermining your confidence. If the answer is NO, then you are undermining yourself. If the answer is YES then you are confident, and should just carry on.

To help determine undermining thoughts, a system whereby a pocket diary or pad is kept handy, in which immediately after game, specific doubts are written down, probably listing the five most important ones that come to mind. The key is to know what the things that are undermining your confidence , and once you have them, its possible to address them. The key is not to allow mistakes to cause you to make more. In this manner you are to bring about self change.

How to use positive thinking
Research has shown that that use of positive thinking in sports help you beat negative thought by helping you switch thoughts from negative to positive ones.  All of us with good mental skills have a bad day and may be feeling down. On such days, you will find that you are doing something wrong. Now when you are in that position the kind of images that come to mind, is like whats wrong with me and so on, and in turn this creates self doubt. When that situation comes to mind, stop that thought and turn it around. There are different ways of doing this. Some think of a stop signal or others train themselves to see a red light and so on. Using such signs as soon as you get that first negative thought, and dont think about that again. Come up with a productive replacement thought, so that you can turn that around. In your situation where you get a negative signal, use the stop or whatever works for you and then find that positive statement that you can push.

Improve Confidence through Body Language.
One of the most important things that are required about sports is confidence. Its easy to talk about but how do to get it. A lot of people forget that sport is physical so it has a lot to do with our athletic ability. It has also a lot to do with physical confidence.

When you are at a time of having difficulties, and think of what your emotions were at that time, you will be able to visualize, what as a player you might look like at that time. It is hard to accept that we all make mistakes and those are things we dont feel good about. Your shoulders begin to droop, your eyes look down and so on. Now take a moment and see yourself in your sport and see what emotions you feel when things dont go right. The thing to do is to say to your self that this is my play, and I am going to do it. Hold you head up high and probably push your chest out a bit more. You visualize it, fix it by looking confident, and acting confidant. Thats how you insulate your mind and improve through body language. This will set about a flow in your movement as you relax without negative thoughts, and in turn your game becomes better.

Meeting Competition
According to Dr.Cohn there are three myths in sports Psychology. he explains that it is more of mental coaching, teaching the athlete to have a positive mind set through training. The word Psychology has a negative connotation to it

Firstly that sports psychology is useful only if you are trying to get out of a slump
Secondly  that you need to go to a sports psychologist only as a last resort
And thirdly that something is wrong with you.

People who do not understand these are the ones who propound the above myths about sports psychology.  The word Psychology is much misunderstood and therefore usage of words like mental training, mental toughness and mental preparedness are more apt to use.

Mental training helps in developing mental strength and in turn helps develop strategy. Mental toughness take you to a high zone and helps you stay there. Mental preparedness helps thinking with more confidence, so you can perform at your best. These should be kept simple and not made complex, and will certainly help the athlete meet competition and perform well constantly.
Use Psychology to be a better athlete.

We all have the same technical skills, but why do some perform better at a higher level. Its the bottom line that drives these athletes. Learning to maximize both the mental capacity and technical skills simultaneously and taking it to a whole new level. That how you get there. The mind is a very powerful instrument and once you have mastery over it, success follows.

Comment  Analysis
The project has been interesting because you realize that in sport the on field performance is a direct result of the amount of trainng and preparation which goes into it. In this aspect the Pycholological part takes as much importance as both developing technical skills and physical skills. In fact we can see that without having proper training of the mind, it would be harder for athletes to go the higher levels of sport.

Sports Psychology can be viewed not as corrective step but as part of sports development and training, to help athletes get better and achieve far more. In fact, the importance of this aspect of science , should become part of sports curriculum and  be introduced  at an even more basic  level, when the  athlete is developing. In that sense, introduction of sports Psychology at the school level will prove beneficial for all sports and games, and help raise standards of performance.

Prrrrrrrhhh the last whistle to mark the end of the game went off. The Lions could now not manage to book a place in the World Cup soccer quarter finals. They had shamelessly lost 2-0 to the Leopards. Perhaps if their super striker Bernardo had been in the game, they would have beaten the Leopards. Unfortunately, he was still lying in a hospital bed nursing a severe ankle sprain that he had suffered the previous day during a similar match. Ankle sprains are a common injury in all sports. These kinds of injuries occur by accidents as well as failure to observe the appropriate measures like wearing the proper sporting shoes. It is therefore very important to take precautionary measures especially for players whose career is in sports. An injury such as an ankle sprain can leave the player out of action for a short or even a prolonged period of time.  In some extreme cases, the player may not be able to engage in a sporting activity ever again a sprain can result to a permanent disability. This research therefore seeks to look at the causes of ankle sprains, effects that result from the sprain as well as treatment and preventive measures in regard to the ankle sprain.

Background
To understand the causes and effects of an ankle sprain, we must first understand what an ankle is and what it is made of. The ankle joint is situated on the third and lower part of the foot. The joint at the ankle is made of four bones the tibia, the fibula, the talus, and the calcaneus. Moreover, it is comprised of three ligament structures the anterior talo-fibular ligament, the posterior talo-fibular ligament and the calcaneo-fibular ligaments that enables and support the stability of the ankle.

The structures and other small parts that put the ankle are very important for the general functioning of the lower as well as the upper part of the foot. They ensure that there is efficiency in the foot movements. Therefore, if the ankle is injured or sprained, each of these little parts must recover in case of injuries for the ankle to fully re-function. In addition, many other parts must be taken into consideration when treating an injured ankle. The joint at the ankle is mainly considered to be one of the most important body structures that help in stability and movement of the entire foot, from the knee up to the hip joint. However, sometimes when an ankle injury is treated, these parts may not be properly fit back together as they had earlier been thus causing problems elsewhere in the foot.                                                                                          
The joints are put in place by the ligaments that make the joint to only move in particular directions. The ligaments are then attached to the bones of the leg on each side. When the ligament faces an abnormal stretch or gets torn the resulting injury is referred to as a sprain (Wedro 2010, par 6).

From the above explanation, the definition of an ankle sprain can be given as the displacement of a ligament when it is overly stretched or torn partially. Many ligaments that make up the ankle joint encounter an abnormal situation causing them to injure (Quinn 2010, par 1). On the other hand, in sprains that are severe, the ligament is torn completely. At times, the bone-end to which the ligament is firmly attached can either crack or get pulled off a condition known as avulsion fracture.  This causes an even more severe ankle sprain (Bupas Health Information Team, 2010 par. 3).

Symptoms
One of the basic and main symptoms of an ankle sprain is initially a popping or a snapping sound and as Bupas health information team puts it in their article on Sprained ankle a feeling of giving way  as the ligament is torn or in worse cases the bone cracks. The pain from the sprain is instantaneous, but it can also grow as the injured person tries to move their feet. In the case of a severe sprain when the ankle ligament is completely torn and the bone is cracked, the injury can cause incapability of bearing any weight on the particular foot, thus making walking impossible (Bupas Health Information Team 2010, par. 4).                                                                              

Another basic symptom of a sprain is swelling or bruising. Swelling occurs shortly after the injury, whereas bruising can take as long as 24 hours to develop fully. Swelling around the ankle may make the foot movement very difficult. The ankle will feel unstable if any movement is made (Bupas Health Information Team 2010, par. 5).

In short, some symptoms that the injured person can suffer from are extreme pain, swelling and bruising of the ankle for almost two to four weeks, redness over the bones of that area of the foot, along with the difficulty in withstanding any weight on the injured leg (Bupas Health Information Team 2009, par. 13).

Causes                                                                                                                                      
Ankle sprains are basically caused by unnatural movement of the foot that make the ligaments holding together the ankle to stretch or even worse tear (Mayo Clinic staff 2010, par 1). One of the main causes of a sprained ankle is the inward turn of the sole, ligaments overstretching on the outer part of the ankle as well as squeezing the inner ligaments. This kind of sprain is referred to as inversion sprain. This inversion is so common because it mostly occur in sporting activities that entail jumping, running, jump landing, fast changes in direction or many stop-starts such as those in playing football, basketball and volleyball (Bupas Health Information Team 2010, par 6-8).

Another leading cause of ankle sprain is uneven ground. Walking on a surface that is irregular, may put a sudden pressure on the ankle. The instant change of level may cause this sudden pull on the ankle muscles that the latter was not prepared to handle. These irregular surfaces include presence of pot-holes, bumps, rocks on the walking paths. In relation to this, another cause of sprains includes standing on surfaces not meant for standing (Walker 2010, par 7).                                                    

Another cause that might affect mostly the population of female individuals is the twist of the ankle due to the loss of balance when walking in high-heels. The small surface covering the sole of the high-heel can cause unbalanced walking and most probably a twist causing a sprain (Bupas Health Information Team 2010, par. 6-8). Additionally, if an ankle sprain has occurred in the past, it is very probable that it can happen again under the same circumstances (Sprained Ankle Care 2000, par 10).

Diagnosis                                                                                                                                    
It is not always easy to diagnose a sprain. A sprained if not closely diagnosed can be confused with other injuries such as a strain. However, if the situation includes some of the points mentioned above, then a more proper diagnosis should be considered.

In the case of a more severe sprain, when the doctor gets to diagnose the patient, heshe will first physically examine the ankle by moving the ankle in different directions. This can be a painful experience but it helps to identify the hurt or else the torn ligaments. An X-ray can be done in case of serious injuries to identify if there is any broken bone. In a very severe injury, a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is recommended to make sure diagnosis is correctly made (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2005, par 7-11).

Treatment                                                                                                                              
After going through the points and steps given above, the next step in dealing with an ankle sprain is to apply the appropriate treatment. As it had been mentioned earlier, depending on the kind of the sprain, and how severely the injury has affected the muscle and the soft tissue of the ankle, then a specific treatment must be applied accordingly (Bupas Health Information Team 2009, par 13).                                                  
In case the injury is not severe, some suggestions can be used for self-help guidelines. They constitute some basic steps that prevent the already injured part from worsening further.  They include what PhysioRoom in their article, Sprained Ankle Injury calls the PRICE protocol -Protection, rest, ice, compression and elevation (PhysioRoom 2010, par 2).                                                                                                                        
The first and the basic guidelines are to immediately protect the injury from any further harm, so that the symptoms are at minimum. The sprained ankle should then be rested for 48-72 hours immediately after the injury. Clutches can be used to aid in movement. After the 48-72 hours are over, movement of the affected part is re-introduced slowly by slowly to retain the muscle strength around the ankle, and to ensure that walking is possible (Bupas Health Information Team, 2009 par 13).            

Furthermore, a very helpful treatment is the use of ice packs frozen ice that is wrapped in a towel for a period of 15-20 minutes after every 2-3 hours. This helps in minimizing bruising and swelling of the ankle. However, if ice is used and applied directly to the skin, there is a high risk of ice-burn. If covered well with a piece of cloth, then the treatment would be successful. The ice should be applied for 48-72 hours immediately after the injury. However ice is not recommended for persons with skin disorders (Bupas Health Information Team 2009, par. 13).                                      

After the pain softens, compressing the ankle using a bandage is necessary to offer support to the injured ankle and decrease the swelling. The bandage should be elastic fitting well but not too tight. It should be removed when one is going to bed. However, before doing any of these steps, it would be very useful to keep the ankle elevated and the foot resting above the level of the heart, at a well supported point. This ensures that swelling is kept in check (Bupas Health Information Team 2009, par. 13).                                                                                                                      

Nevertheless, if the injury is severe and needs special treatment or specific medicine, then the self-help approach may not be helpful (Bupas Health Information Team 2009, par. 13).

If need be, a physiotherapist can be contacted or use other professional treatments to address the sprain more effectively. Some exercises are also healthy to strengthen the soft tissue and muscle and restore ankle movement. Any further treatment would definitely depend on the extent of the injury and the symptoms following the sprain (Bupas Health Information Team 2010, par. 14-17).

Medicines
Along with these treatments that have been discussed above, sprains can also be dealt with by simply using medical treatments such as painkillers, tablets or painkilling creams. Painkillers can well reduce the pain from the sprained ankle. Painkilling creams can also reduce the pain notably, but they are no better than a single tablet or a painkilling pill. However, any tablet containing NSAID (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) should not be used until a period of 48 hours. These chemicals can cause more harm than good if used wrongly. Precautionary, an important point in this is that the individual treating his sprain must take advice from his or her personal pharmacists before using and applying any medical treatment methods (Bupas Health Information Team, 2010 par 18-19).

Prevention Measures
It is advisable to do some warm-ups before as well as after any sport activity. This helps to strengthen the ankle muscles. Additionally, good sporting shoes can play a good game against ankle sprains. Avoid walking on uneven grounds or if a person must, then be careful. In conjunction with these, platform soles as well as high heels should be avoided. Likewise open shoes as well as sandals are unstable and should be avoided. Interestingly eating healthy diets as well as exercising regularly strengthens the muscles. Ankle sprains are however unavoidable, but taking some preventive measure can reduce the chances of occurrence (The Health Central Network 2009, par, 17).

Conclusion
In conclusion, ankle sprain can be a very serious condition in the day to day life. As had been posted earlier, it is extremely impossible to avoid ankle sprains. With these remarks therefore, it is very important to get a better insight of what an ankle sprain entails. Understanding the whole concept of ankle sprain is very essential to players who have made sport part of their career as well as a profession. Moreover, it helps sports specialists in body injuries to better diagnose an ankle sprain and be able to prescribe good and effective treatment methods as well as give advice to prevent possible future injuries or simply prevent any other additional injuries or symptoms. Beyond the world of sports, the ability to identify such injuries and be able to apply self-help treatments will help in fast recovery and improvement of the sprained ankle. Importantly, it gives the world of physiotherapy and physiology a better insight in the human body.

Every year, thousands of students are enrolled into universities and colleges in the United States on scholarships based on their sporting prowess. Intercollegiate sports are a fertile breeding ground for sporting talent in professional sports like basketball, baseball, American football, ice hockey and many others. Being a college athlete has many challenges to it. It is usually already hard enough to balance between academic work and sporting activity in high school, and once in college, sporting students are more strained since class work becomes more demanding and athletic coaches embark on rigorous training routines seeking to attain the prestige that come with winning national honors in sports. Participation in college athletics offers a student many opportunities. Teams travel throughout the nation and members gain new experiences and exposure. However, a number of college student athletes on scholarships or even those not on scholarships end up leaving college without a degree. As I shall elaborate in this research paper, it is very necessary that college athletes on scholarships should graduate with a degree.

The nature of College Athletic scholarships
High school students who have exhibited exceptional athletic prowess are usually contacted by college athletic coaches for recruitment into college athletic teams. Intercollegiate sporting athletics are very prestigious, and every college is always looking to be a force to reckon with. Hundreds of other high school graduates especially those who cannot afford to finance their college and university education apply for consideration for either full scholarships or partial scholarships to various colleges throughout the nation.

Upon successful application, college students on athletic scholarships are expected to treat their sporting obligation very seriously. The rigor followed in training often matches the standards of professional sporting activity. It becomes very hard to balance between class work and athletics, no wonder some students academic performance drifts below standards. Many college students view acquisition of college athletic scholarships as the doorway to a professional athletic career. It is so unfortunate since very few actually manage to make the cut to be drafted into professional sports like baseball and football.

All college athletes are usually not paid for their commitment and input to college athletics. It is therefore a pity that a student on scholarship puts all his or her effort in sporting activity at the expense of his or her formal education, gets no payments from it despite having compromised his or her standards of formal education. Time in college passes by very fast, and before long other obligations step in to increase the pressure on a student.

Acquiring a degree therefore is like an insurance policy and a ticket to a better life when a student on scholarships dreams and aspirations of breaking into professional athletics unfolds into nothing. This is one main reason why college athletes on scholarships should graduate with a degree. It increases their chances of making a better life for themselves and their families if their ambitions of building a professional career in athletics are not realized. A student who graduates from college with a degree is more likely to have access to alternative professional disciplines like in economics or information science.

The main objective of going to college is being awarded with a degree at the end of the course each student is pursuing. Not graduating with the degree is therefore a failure on the part of the student and the college itself. A formal education has always opened up more doors to the majority of college graduates than other extracurricular activities like singing, acting and athletics. Colleges must therefore put I place elaborate mechanisms to ensure that their students, more so those on scholarships (because in most cases they have higher urgency of establishing themselves socially and economically), graduate with a degree so that they may be better equipped to pursue their dreams of self sufficiency and accomplishment.

Importance of Formal Education
Many college athletes, not just those in scholarships, are not sufficiently prepared for life after their stint in college. This is mainly due to their excessive optimism that an athletic scholarship in college is going to lead to a career in professional athletics. However, according to statistics released by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), only between two and three percent of athletes in the intercollegiate sports arena end up securing a career in professional sport.

Without a degree, college athletes who do not make the cut to be drafted into professional sporting establishments like the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL) and Major League Baseball would find it hard to earn a living. Despite this reality, intercollegiate athletic competitions are long and do not leave sufficient time for academic work. Most colleges do not make public the rates of successful graduation for athletes under scholarship. Having a degree not only increases a college leavers chance of securing a real job but is also an opener to establishing better working relationships with people in different levels in contemporary society (Framball, 2010).

Even for those college graduates who successfully manage to build a professional career in sport, a degree comes in handy as it will help them manage their affairs better. There have been cases of college athletes who graduate from college and make it big in professional sport, but they are virtually illiterate. For example, Dexter Manley secured a scholarship in Oklahoma State University based on his prowess in football. He left the university unable to read and had a very successful career with the Washington Redskins as a defensive end. Dexter could not even read the praises newspapers poured on him based on his prowess in the field. He had to go back to school after retiring after openly admitting that he could not read or write. Such embarrassments and inconveniences can be avoided it is ensured that college athletes on scholarship graduate with a degree.

Application of a degree in sports management
Whether or not a college student makes it big in professional athletics, it is necessary to have the realization that a sporting career ends very early in life. It is very unlikely that professional athlete will compete actively into the forties and fifties. Since most college athletes on scholarships are hell-bent building a career in sports, they should realize that a degree is required for one to be deemed qualified in sports management.

Alternative avenues for establishing a career in professional sport include coaching at different levels, managing sports facilities, referring and formulation of sports policy. A person cannot get into these without first having a degree. Of more concern is the fact that athletes who turn pro have the highest chance of venturing into these careers, and they face the highest risk of failing to graduate without a degree. Acquisition of an academic degree should therefore not be viewed as an auxiliary to college athletic scholarships but an integral part of the endeavor to establish a wholesome profession in sport and in other disciplines.

Application of a degree in investment
Graduating with a degree will enable college graduates athletes on scholarship who make it professional to make wiser decisions to invest the money they make while still active more wisely so that they can secure their future and those of their families. Without adequate training in personal and financial planning and management, all success garnered from a career in professional athletics is thrown away. The essence of having gone to college therefore goes missing. College education is supposed to equip leavers with the capacity to plan their lives in a more organized way so that they can build better lives for themselves. The hallmark of this is in the award of a degree in a significant field. If this is not achieved, then it is an opportunity wasted, virtually.

Measures that should be taken (Recommendations)
So far, I have emphasized on the importance of college athletes on scholarship graduating with a degree. Now, I want to discuss several measures that can be taken to ensure that this happens. Number one, the admission departments of colleges should actively participate in determining who gains scholarships based on athletic talent rather that leaving the whole exercise to the sports department. In this way, the capacity to enforce minimum academic requirements upon all high school graduates who seek to attain college scholarships. This will prompt high school students who aspire to apply for basketball, football or baseball scholarships to work extra hard in their studies. This input will in turn increase their chances of graduating with a degree at the end of their scholarship.

Secondly, college athletes on scholarships should be given a time limit to complete their degree courses, making them only eligible to participate in their respective sporting events before that time limit expires. Additionally, college athletes on scholarships should be made to integrate more with regular students to make them acquire an outlook on education that promotes their pursuit of academic degrees. Such is for example the practice in the University of Notre Dame and in Duke where athletes on or not on scholarship are made to take a full academic load alongside other students so that they can also graduate in time. The National Collegiate Athletic Association should also make its programs more lenient to leave college athletes with ample time to fulfill academic obligations.

Conclusion
Many of the athletes who seek scholarships do so because they are unable to fully finance degree programs at such institutions. The institutions should not just seek to exploit the talent suck students possess because in the end, it will only compromise their lives. It is very important that college athletes also graduate with a degree since it opens up many opportunities for them after college regardless of whether they make it in professional athletics or not. A degree will enable a former student to seek an alternative career if athletics fail, and can also help him or her manage him or herself better once an opportunity beckons in professional athletics. Colleges should therefore make arrangements to ensure that college athletes on scholarships graduate with a degree as this is very important.

One of the key contributors to the development of surfing culture is Tom Blake. He started surfing when he was young and continued with that sport until old age. At the age of twenty, he set a world swimming record at the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) after winning the ten-mile contest. In 1922, Blake was working in the movies because he had water talents and thus built the first trail rest of surfing pack which he later capitalized on. Blake first surfed on a redwood plank he acquired when he was a life guard at Santa Monica Swimming Club but it was too heavy and cumbersome.

In 1926, Blake made his own surf board which he, together with Sam Reid, used to pioneer surfing at Malibu point. In the same year, he made hollow surf boards which marked an advancement from the Pakis boards. Tom Blake clinched the winning title in the 1928 Pacific Coast surfing championships with his board of olo replica. In that same year, he devised a hollow paddle board which he used as a turning tool.

Moreover, Tom Blake made a chambered sail board in 1929. It was a hollow board which was of chambered-type. The board was known as cigar board because it resembled a giant cigar. Due to his increasing innovation techniques of making surfboards and paddleboards, Tom Blake invented water-proof housings to be used by cameras in water photography

He manufactured and patented his initial production in 1931. He also invented the surfboard in 1935. Additionally, Tom Blake was the first to publish a book devoted solely to surfing - the Hawaiian Surfboard, in 1935. In 1937, he patented and produced the first rescue ring and torpedo buoy made of dua-aluminum. Blake thus contributed a lot to the surfing culture.

I totally support Alan Atkins views because Surfing is really an exciting sport that facilitates both entertainment and exercise. As people surf, they enjoy playing with water waves as well as stretching the muscle of their hands. One can enjoy surfing especially when it is hot to make ones body feel good.

Surfing is also interesting because one can compete for any award and once they win, they can earn a lot of money. This can be a good motivating factor. Surfing with ones friends is interesting and enjoyable as one competes regarding who can surf faster as well as exchange techniques of surfing and thus enjoy time together.

Knowing how to surf is very important and interesting incase of water accidents, one can be on the safe side or even save others who could be in danger. Surfing is very interesting because as one competes, they can find several fans who boost ones the morale to win. Surfing is interesting as one can experience several totally new places after going for competition or as they surf for adventure. Surfing is interesting especially when one surfs with people they never knew before and challenges or is challenged by them.

Surfing is also interesting as one can surf using any implement be it surf a board, sail board, paddle board or whichever other  tool one may want to use. Surfing is interesting especially when one overcomes an ocean wave they had never beefier come across one you can derive untold enjoyment. Surfing on the sea is interesting as one can travel a long distance the way one likes and even enjoy the sea waves as well as the cool or warm breezes of the sea.

In conclusion, surfing enables people to recreate themselves, do exercises, make new friends, tour new areas, as well as exchange ideas. It is thus a truly interesting sporting activity.

Introduction
The purpose of our campaign is to make the fundraising plan  in order  to support a sports organizations cause.We need to ensure that all misconducts are investigated as there is much violence  and some facilities provided .The fundraising plan is the variety of plans and strategies to be used.The one absolute is ASK and KNOW  what we are asking for.The written fundraising plan will help ouganize our ask.Our activities in the campaign called PLAY HAPPILY included writing letters,education,writing to national and local press about it,meeting with local officials,attending local community.. .We managed to raise some money in the past thanks to these initiatives.There were charities which supported the cause,but the money is never enough.Our fundrising plan included  application to the governmental agencies,charities or some other organizations.

Case statement
The research has clearly demonstrated that  the problem of vandalism at sports events has been increasing during the last three years.Furthermore,there is a lack of facilities and leisure activities in the area and young people have nothing to do.A donor may view this as a grave issue and may speak out publically against violence .For all these reasons,he may be willing to donate some money to our campaign.Money should be set aside to provide leisure activities.Our campaign will put much effort to deal with this problem.

SWOT ANALYSIS
When starting the campaign,we needed to take into consideration SWOT .It is a planning method used to evaluate Strength,weaknesses,opportunities and threats involved in the project .It identifies internal and external factors that are favorable or unfavorable.Strengths are attributes that are helpful,weaknesses attributes that are harmful for the campaign.These are environmental factors internal to the campaign.Oppurtunities are conditions that are helpful,threats conditions that may do damage to the campaign.These are external factors.Swot analysis helped us to focus our upcoming direct mail campaign by reminding our organization of the stregth it has,ensuring we were aware of any weaknesses and gaps,looking at the oppurtunities,emphasising any threats our organizationn migt face with.It provided information that is helpful in matching the campaigns resources r capabilities.It is an extremely good way for understanding and decision-making for all sorts of business.Our most important strengths are the size of the campaign and its reputation.We have also had many successes and increased public awareness of the importance of the problem in our society.

However,we had to face with some weaknesses.We had a tight budget and had to work carefully within it which was not easy.We had to find better strategies to communicate with our current audiance.However,there were many opportunities as well,such as,a list of  new or  growing population,wider geographical areas we could target.We had also to identify some threats such as a similar organisation active in the area,a new set of rules that could affect the effectiveness of our campaign,weather.All these threats were not in our control,thus,they are not real.
 
What makes SWOT particularly powerful is that, with a little thought, it can help you uncover opportunities that you are well placed to exploit. And by understanding the weaknesses of your business, you can manage and eliminate threats that would otherwise catch you unawares.(www.mindtools.com)
 
Organizational development
Our leadership have a long history in raising funds.They were able to cope with changes,made effort to increase organisatrion effectiveness,developped new and creative organisational solutions,helped other members of the organisation to gain the skills necessary to solve the problems.Our president is a strong leader willing to contribute to our campaign and highly motivated.He is objective and able to deal with any unconfortable issues that may occur.However,he should be even more active,look for some new strategies,meet on regular basis with other members.There are people positioned to open  funding doors.They are honest and constructive.The committee is large enough and it is possible that individuals from different parts of the organization meet regularly to discuss developments,talk about future options etc.The commettee is given the power to make decisions,spend money or take actions.


Funding history
Receiving money from governement or other sources is one of the most important activities when it comes to non profit organizations.They request money from individuals,charitable foundations,business,governmental agencies.We also requested money from these organisations.

The campaign took advantages of the service of professionals fundraisers and engaged fundraisers who were paid a percentage of the funds they raise.Some religious groups as fundraisers were also very important.Policitical campaigns played also a major   role in raising money .However,numerous political campaign finance has become a controversial topic.

In addition,grant money was being offered by governmental agencies or charitable organizations which benefitted our campaign.Another ways to raise money were some kind of special events like formal dinners or similar events .Money has also been  generated by selling a product which is called product fundraising.Sometimes cookies or other things are being sold to generate  money.This way is very popular as everyone loves the tastes of cookies and is willing to enjoy all favorite flavors straight from the oven.Furtheremore,we used online fundraising,raising money by paypal clicking..We also used fundraising scratch card that works as donator and the amount revealed is the  donation we requested from them.

Scratch card-90profit fundraiser,thats easy and quick with less hassle(www.justfundraising.com)
It has been a pleasure working with you. I would highly recommend your company to anyone who is fundraising for the first time. Your employees have been very informative and pleasant.Susan,Border Blades, Grand Forks, ND Thank you Thank you We (First Holiness Church) appreciate you God BlessBobby
However, donations have been decreasing in the last three years due to the lack of fundraisers.
   
Funding opportunities
To be successful in fundraising,it is important to raise funds in the right location.Selling raffle tickets or having a tombola is one of the most significant   ways and doesnt require too much effort.It is possible to arrange this with the event organizer.Games stall  prove to be very successful as well.Furthermore,going door to door collecting has becoming more and more popular and we sometimes used this way.As they cover many areas,we would be likely to find the supporters.However,there are some disadvantages of door to door collecting,and one should consider potential risks as well.We are looking at all these oppurtunities.

Small local charities and voluntary organisations around the UK have been particularly hard hit by the recession, according to asurvey of 500organisations.(www.fundraising.co.uk)

Our goal is to achieve positive reforms and to ensure that all  reports of vandalism are investigated.It would have a great impact to the community.People will feel safe.

All this would have a great impact to the organization.
 
We have also some equipment needs.For example,cameras should be set up which would identify the vandals.We need to provide some facilities as well.The dolar amount may vary.

FundingMarketingPromotional strategies
We need a campaign strategy in order to provide space for the sporst organizations cause.An important part of planning is resource allocation.This is the way finance,people and assets are going to be used to achieve a particular objective.The campaigns senior executives make strategic decisions.The research is being carried out in order to identify the funding sources.This tasks includesmeeting with the people in the community,reading daily newspaper.We need to make sure that  funding oppurtunities are well known.For all these reasons,there should be confidence in the organization.We hope that this guide will help us plan our activities accordingly
-radio talk interview
-writing letters or mails
-giving out brochures
-television interviews
-public announcements
-periodic meetings with newspaper editors
-writing to national press
-telling friends,anti-violence programme,social justice and other organizations about the campaign
-special events
-meeting local officials
-attending local community board meetings and raising the issues
-periodic meetings with newspaper editorial boards

Structure of the fundraising strategy
The structure of the fundraising strategy includes a 12-month timeline of duties.The following details are includedhow many events the campaign has hosted,which grant requests are due on which date,how often and when telephone calls and meetings have been scheduled with donors.etc.Fundraising commetee has been established which reported lines on the board.All three meetings were held and the commetee reported duties to be completed each month.

Conclusion
This is just a rough idea of what we could do.We hope that we will find funding sources that will support the cause and that we are going to raise more money.

This study is designed to gather data regarding donor giving patterns to a large government university with respect to athletic donation patterns and academic donation patters.  The sample population includes donors to the University of Oregon from 1994-2002.  Three research questions are presented.  The first question seeks to determine the source of donations regarding athletic donations and academic donations.  The study finds that alumni tend to prefer giving to academic programs whereas non-alumni tend to prefer giving to athletic programs.  This data is not absolute, there is some overlap in giving patterns, and the Identity Salience Model of Nonprofit Relationship Marketing Success states that these donation patterns depend on the type of university involved.  The second research question seeks to determine whether athletic success functions to increase charitable donations.  The study finds that non-alumni donations increase as a result of athletic success but that alumni donations remain essentially neutral.  The final research question seeks to determine whether an increase in donations to athletic programs functions to create a corresponding decrease in donations to academic programs.  This study finds such a correlation, particularly with respect to non-alumni donation habits and patterns.  Overall, this study provides data for future research but is limited in that it is a large public university and not an elite academic university.

Part 1  Article Identification
Jeffrey L. Stinson and Dennis R. Howard in their 2004 article Scoreboards v. Mortarboards  Major Donor Behavior and Intercollegiate Athletics, published by the Spot Marketing Quarterly, sought to examine a number of questions pertaining to charitable giving to a major university.  The authors, one a doctoral candidate and the other a professor at the University of Oregon, approached these questions from a theoretical perspective derived from marketing generally and applied it through empirical analyses to a university sports context.  Specifically, the authors used data from their own university to test a number of research questions for which they argue the existing academic literature is either incomplete or contradictory in several respects one of the main goals of the article, in addition to securing and analyzing empirical data for purposes of attempting to answer the posited research questions, was to create an empirical foundation so that future researchers would be able to formulate research questions with more precision relying on the data derived from this study.

Part 2  Summary (Substantive Points and Methodology)
Contextually, this study was motivated by several facts, trends, and concerns related to charitable giving to universities more particularly, it is well-established that charitable contributions to athletic departments at Division IA schools have more than doubled over the past decade (Howard  Stinson, 2004, p. 129).  University athletic departments at these classes of universities have as a consequence increased fundraising efforts and also begun to depend to a far greater extant on donations than has been true in the past.  This trend has also raised fears that charitable giving to academic programs may suffer and to academic questions relating to the nuances of charitable giving in terms of actual facts, motivations, and impacts.  In order to contribute to resolving these facts, the authors engaged in an empirical study involving charitable donations made at the University of Oregon between 1994 and 2002.  Three main research questions were formulated, tested empirically and discussed.  The first research question examined charitable giving by alumni and non-alumni in order to determine donor behavioral patterns with respect to athletic giving and academic giving because the existing data is contradictory in certain respects.  The research found that both donor classes gave to athletic and academic programs, but that this giving varied to the extant that alumni made more substantial gifts to academics whereas non-alumni (such as boosters and sports fans) made more substantial gifts to athletics.  The second main question sought to determine whether and to what extant athletic success functions to increase charitable donations.  Here, the authors found that athletic success most significantly impacted donations by non-alumni whereas it was much more neutral with regard to alumni donations.  The final research question sought to determine whether an increased level of athletic donations necessarily resulted in a decreased level of academic donations the study found strong support for the assumption that giving to athletics undermines giving to academics, particularly for nonalumni (Howard  Stinson, 2004, p. 136).  This finding was incremental rather than sudden and implies a potential negative impact for increased athletic donations and the authors suggest further and broader research into this potential empirical phenomenon.

Part 3  Critique (Strengths and Weaknesses)
It is important to acknowledge, in the final analysis, that the authors concede several of their studys limitations.  The most significant limitation is the fact that only one major university was included in the empirical population.  The University of Oregon is not especially known as an academic powerhouse, it is not located in a major commercial center, and geographically it is on the fringe of the American continent.  It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the University of Oregon is not necessarily representative of alumni and non-alumni behavior at other universities with different geographical influences and academic strengths and weaknesses.  This, however, leads to one of the more interesting features of the article.  More specifically, the authors incorporate a marketing perspective into the articles structural design, The Identity Salience Model of Nonprofit Relationship Marketing Success, and this perspective provides persuasive logic regarding how alumni and non-alumni perceive their individual relationship with a particular university.  It is reasonable, for example, to see how alumni from an academic powerhouse such as a Columbia or Cornell (athletically-challenged institutions to be sure) might focus on an academic identity to the exclusion of athletic considerations.  These questions are effectively a question of focus to the extant that policy makers and administrators are concerned about athletic donations undermining academic contributions at major public universities as opposed to elite Ivy League institutions, for instance, the marketing perspective is valuable.  A major weakness, which is not directly discussed, is the extant and nature of indirect donations that are frequently hidden and unethical pursuant to intercollegiate ethics rules.  The study is too narrow to the extant that it assumes a transparent type of donation scheme to athletic programs.  The authors should have incorporated some qualitative perspectives in this regard rather than assuming an empirical model which ignores much donor giving in the intercollegiate context.   In sum, this article is worth to the extant that it discusses questions which remain unresolved in an empirical sense and to the extant that it provides some preliminary empirical evince for future researchers to build upon while ignoring the dark underbelly of donor giving to athletic programs and individuals in the intercollegiate context.

Football is organized and governed by Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) cricket is governed by the International Cricket Council (ICC) while basketball is run by the Federation Internationale de Basketball (FIBA). These regulatory bodies should introduce rules that limit the number of players that can be transferred within a certain period of time. This will go a long way in ensuring that clubs do not overspend on players ignoring other important issues that need good financing. An example is in the NBA during the period preceding the recession. Many clubs overspent on transfer of players and thus had to cut down on other important issues like coach and player bonuses.

The regulatory bodies should introduce fair prices within which players can be transferred. FIFA should limit the amount of money that can be spent on a single player. This would reduce pressure on clubs to spend lots of money to acquire players. The cases that arise due to club misconduct leading to hefty fines should be controlled by code of conduct drawn by the governing bodies. Marketing done by big firms that sponsor some clubs should also be limited as some firms benefit so much at the expense of the game. For instance, when Arsenal FC built its new stadium, The Emirates, it was left with loans of up to 460million. This has limited the clubs ability to buy more players as such leading to a comparatively dismal performance by the club.

Colleges should also create schedules that do not conflict with academic programs. Currently, the college sports seasons run concurrently with the academic programs. This reduces the focus and funding on sports. This move will give the college sports programs time to benefit from both academics and sports. The other sports governing bodies should also ensure that clubs have good funding before being allowed into any league. Most sports clubs in Africa and Asia can do better if well funded. Equitable distribution of funding will as such see these clubs achieve their goals and not vanish into oblivion as it is the case right now.

Parametric Tests are based on the assumption that the population data follows a particular Probability distribution and satisfy certain properties or assumptions. The Emphasis in parametric test lies in estimating the population parameters using statistics calculated from the sample, where as Non Parametric tests does not have any assumptions regarding the data and are very much handful when the data is ordinal. Both these tests are used widely in sports research, Researchers make a selection of these tests as per the data and arrive at conclusions.

Parametric Tests

Parametric tests are based on certain assumptions.

They are based on the assumption that the data follows a particular probability distribution.
These tests are called as Parametric as most of the assumptions are regarding the parameters of the population.

Parameter Any measure computed for the entire population is called a parameter.

Ex Population means, Population variance etc.

Statistics Any measure computed for the Sample is called as a statistic.

Ex Sample means, Sample Variance.

These tests assume that if the data set satisfies a set of assumptions, then the result will be accurate.

For example t  test and ANOVA need to satisfy the assumptions that the data is Normal  the observations are independent etc.

These tests yield accurate results and are effective as long as the underlying assumptions are satisfied, but fail when the data is not normal, especially in cases where the data is ordinal, i.e in terms of ranking rather than scores.

Non Parametric Tests

When the data is ordinal (ranks) rather than scores, we have a range of tests which can be effectively used Known as Non Parametric tests or Distribution free tests.

These are so called because they do not depend on any on the parametric assumptions.

These are very widely used when the data is not quantitative.

Though there are numerous advantages of the Non Parametric tests, there are few disadvantages too.

The following are some of the Non Parametric Tests

Sign Test The sign test can be used with paired data to test the hypothesis that differences are equally likely to be positive or negative.

For Example the Coach of national Volley ball team wants his team to get trained in a new fitness program for two months, after the training program the coach wants to test whether the performance of the players increased with the new fitness program when compared with the fitness prior to the Program, He can use the Sign test.

Median Test The median test is used to test whether two samples are drawn from populations with the same median.

Run test Used to test whether the data is random.

If we take the number of Goals scored by a particular Foot Ball team in the last 10 matches then by using the nonparametric tests we can test whether the team is getting goals consistently or just randomly.

Rank test Used to test the data which contains Ranks.

Mann-Whitney U test Used to test whether the two independent samples are equal, it is also alternative to independent   t-test when the data is non parametric.

In Medical research if we want to test the efficiency of a new drug on Youngsters and Middle aged persons, we can test whether the drug works equally with the two age groups.

Also in Sports research we can test whether a particular training program yields equal results for players belonging to two different sub continents, as their fitness, food habits, climate etc..Varies largely.

Wilcoxon rank-sum test, one of the significant Non parametric test .

Wilcoxon matched pairs signed-rank test it Provides an alternative for students t  test for matched paired data when the data is not normal. We can test the significant difference between the pretest and post test scores for a group of athletics.

When the data is ordinal and you want to find out if there is any significant difference between the two scores of the same individual we can use Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test.

Spearman rank correlation coefficient

The most efficient way to find out whether the variables or attributes are correlated when the data is qualitative. Also for finding relationships between groups we can use spearmans rank correlation.

Other important tests are Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance by ranks and  Friedman  Two way analysis of variance.

Chi square test is also a NP test for non parametric nominal data.(sports vary as per gender)
Chi square test is used to assess the significance of the discrepancy between results that were actually achieved and the results excepted.

David Hunter (1998) once wrote, football is there for life. It never goes stale. (p.37). In a sport as lasting as football, every member of the team must strive to perform at his best, all the time.

Like any other sport, every team member plays a crucial part in the game. The goalkeeper, for instance, must be well skilled and carefully trained for they are in the forefront of the offense and the final straw in the teams defense (Benjamin, 2007).

The following 8-week training scheme will help the goalie increase his efficacy in the teamwhich will definitely provide a better statistic result for himself and the team as well.

The Game Plan
According to Jeff Benjamin (2007), there is a proper way of teaching goalkeeping techniques footwork, catching, and proper positioning. Teaching them in that order is necessary to build proper foundation in the later and more advanced training.

In a lecture that he gave for the South Dakota Soccer Team, goalkeeper turned soccer coach Brian Pitts (2008) told his students that there are a couple of techniques that one must have and develop fully to be able to be an effective goalie. His points mostly revolved on the types of attacking distribution, attacking ideas, defense during the play, setting-up of plays, and other defensive considerations.

Aside from the physical training that the goalkeeper must endure, he must also undergo some psychological training to prepare him to be an effective decision maker, especially on that crucial split-second decision making (Benjamin, 2007).

The Rough Play
For the 8-week duration of this training, we will be distribute the four areasfitness, technical, tactical, and psychological in a two-week interval, respectively. As the weeks go by, lessons from the previous week shall be inculcated with the additional training program. Say for example, before beginning with the technical training on the start of the third week, fitness drills will be performed first. Then so on, and so forth until the day of the last week, which is the culmination game wherein everything that is taught must be applied in the game.

Fit for a goalie. Fitness training should be first in line because to be able to function properly as a goalkeeper, one must be physically fit to the demands of the role. A good set of warm-up and footwork exercises are crucial for the preparation of a goalkeeper.

Rhythm is one of the vital things that a goalkeeper must learn. We can inculcate this through doing continuous warm-up exercises that promote thatjogging with various movements. Do it in variation forward, lateral, backward and varying directions (Thomas, 2006, p.10). Of course, like in any other sport, stretching, flexibility, and mobility drills are fundamental as well. As for the goalkeeper, focus should be on shoulders, trunk, lower back, groins, hamstrings and calves (Thomas, 2006, p.10). Another thing that would promote good rhythm in a goalie is footwork.

As part of the warm-up exercise, we can use the drill made by Martin Thomas for Middlesex County. Image 1 on the left illustrates how basic footwork drills should be done. The focus of this exercise lies on the goalkeepers balance, coordination, rhythm, tempo, and shape (2006, p.10).

Act like one. To be a good and effective goalkeeper, one must be able to act like one. If the goalkeeper feels comfortable and has a good and consistent handling of the ball then it is not a problem (Thomas, 2006, p.2). For the purpose of this training, basic positioning and stance are to be taught.

We will be adapting a couple more of Middlesex Coaching and Managers Associations goalkeeping practices for this part. As per Coach Thomas, first to establish is the Set Position. Frequent difficulties encountered with this stance are as follows goalkeepers starting position vis--vis to the ball, movement towards the line of the ball, and the initial assessment on which technique is most effective for the situation (p.2). To prevent those difficulties from affecting the game, the main idea is that the goalkeeper must be able feel at ease. Distance of feet from each other should approximately be shoulder width apart for a balanced position, most of the weight should be on the front half of the feet and body weight geared slightly forward elbows must be narrow with and chest is facing the ball while hands must be ball width apart and should be located in front of the bodyline lastly, head should be kept still (p.2).

Another useful method according to Thomas (2006) is the Cup Technique. Basically, this move is concerned on the goalkeepers ability to secure the ball when he catches it, thus cupping with the use of his hands and body. Key pointers for this move are that the goal keeper must keep his chest square and the hands must be in front of the bodyline. Elbows should be tucked in with palms facing up. Dont forget to spread the fingers. The midriff should be the part of the body thats going to take the impact of the ball (p.4).

Image 2 portrays the Up-Down Agility and Diving drill which workouts the capability of the keeper to catch and run for the ball. This drill is one of the basic moves that one must be able to practice and execute well.

Antic for tactics. The goalkeeper is not just responsible for the defensive play of the team but also with the communication of every member in the field. Four important key words for this part are loud, clear, calm, and concise (Thomas, 2006, p.9).

Also, the goalie is the one responsible for the traffic of the team inside the playing field. Keepers also play the second coach out on the field (Benjamin, 2003). The two basic call outs for the goalie are away and keeper. The first one is a tell-sign that the goalkeeper is recovering to defend the goal and the command tells the defenders to go to their pushing out positions. The second call out, on the other hand, tells that his route should be quickest and shortest route to score. The key here is timing and proper angle (Thomas, 2006, p.9).

Think as you walk. As Jeff Benjamin (2003) wrote, the position of the goalkeeper is one of the most psychologically demanding on the fieldyou cant be stupid and play goal, but perhaps you must be a little crazy. Its not all about pressure on trying to do well in every game, but also having fun. One can truly enjoy his post, on whatever game he may be in, if he loves what he is doing. Finding the perfect position for you in a team is not that easy. You must be able to think like one to be able to act like one.

As for everything else, perfection comes after continuous repetition. Doing it right every time is what separates a good goalkeeper from a great one (Benjamin, 2003).

The Goalie Scores
After the eight-week goalkeeper training, the trainee is expected to increase his over-all performance statistics. Aside from that, the keeper should be able to exhibit a huge improvement on his personality in the field. Because he is now knowledgeable of his duties and roles in the court, he is now likely to be keener in every move that he commit.

In addition to the drills mentioned above, further exercises can be included in the regular routine so as to continuously develop the skills of the goalkeeper.

Handling corners and dealing with crosses are perhaps one of those techniques that the keeper must be keen on. Moving on an advanced level for this drill will ensure that the keeper will be able to practice his assessment decision, communication skills, timing of take off, and of course, catch-punch skills (Thomas, 2006, p.17). Increasing the repetitions for this exercise will also help the keeper improve.

Another consideration that one might want to take is the goalkeepers way of communicating with the rest of the team. As mentioned earlier, the keeper is not just the defender on that post, but he is also the second coach on the field. With that in mind, interactive drills involving the rest of the team must also be done.

This 6v6 plus goalkeeper drill aims to utilize the accuracy of the keepers throwing and kicking technique. His communication and transition skills are also to be measured here.

For the goalkeeper to be able to prove effective and reliable, he must be able to put not only in his actions, but in his mind as well that the game depends on how he performs and enjoy his role in the team.

A head injury in sports is determined as a trauma which leads to brain injury, skull injury or scalp injury. The head injuries in sports are varied in nature which can result in serious brain injury due to even a minor bump on skull. It can be categorized as either open (penetrating) head injury or closed head injury.

A penetrating or an open head injury refers to the damage being caused due to the hitting of an object which enters the brain upon breaking the skull. It occurs due to high movement with speed, for instance, getting smashed on ground due to accident in sports car racing. The usual head injury other than sports can also result from getting smashed with the windshield of a car or getting head hurt from a gunshot. Whereas, a closed head injury refers to getting the head being hurt from a hard blow incase of colliding with an object or a wooden block such as in fighting, boxing, wrestling, but the skull remains safe and does not get break from the hitting of an object.

The most commonly recognized brain injuries include Concussion which shakes the brain and is known as the usual kind of traumatic brain injury Contusion that is bruise on brain Subdural hematoma and Subarachnoid hemorrhage (Cantu).

Considerations
The head injuries are faced by millions of people every year while playing sports. A considerable protection is provided to the brain by the skills which results in most of the occurred injuries to be minor in nature. Athletes face thousands of head injuries while playing sports which become very serious and therefore, needs intensive treatment in hospitals. The life of athletes suffering head injuries could be saved by means of recognizing and learning a severe head injury and by providing necessary first aid treatment. It has also been observed that athletic patients often suffer injuries in other organic systems due to severe head injuries. For instance, a spinal injury is sometimes accompanied with a head injury (Dvorak et al.).

Causes
The most commonly recognized causes of head injures occurred in sports include falling, smashing and physical assaulting while fighting, boxing, wrestling, etc. The non-reversible brain damage or prolonged are caused as a result of some head injuries which occurs due to continuous bleeding in the brain and sometimes, also occurs due to direct damage on the brain. The various causes of severe head injuries include chronic headaches, paralysis, coma, seizures, language and speech problems and change in sensation  loss of sensation, vision, hearing, smell or taste (Lindsay et al.).

Signs and Symptoms
The signs and symptoms of head injuries in sports are developed gradually in quite a few hours or days and even occur immediately. Sometimes, no fractured is observed in the skull and the head looks fine but the brain can yet be bruised and get banged from inside due to swelling or bleeding inside the skull which can finally create complications for further treatment and could also be life threatening for an athlete. The actual occurrence of head injury should be found out while encountering an injured athlete for better treatment. If an injured athlete is unable to reply then the clues should be looked on and the witnesses should be questioned for exact happening of head injury. In general, the spinal cord is always assumed to be injured upon facing any severe head trauma (Riemann et al.).

Other than contusion or concussion, the much serious head injury is suggested through the signs and symptoms like unequal size or changes in number of pupils, drainage of fluid from ears, mouth or nose (may be bloody or clear), convulsions, impaired smell, vision, hearing or taste, distorted feature of face, bruising (of the face, fracture in the face, fracture in the skull, scalp wound or swelling at the injury site), difficulty in moving one or more limbs, serious headache, clumsiness or restlessness or lack of coordination, blurred vision or slurred speech, vomiting or stiff neck, drop in blood pressure or low breathing rate, drowsiness, confusion or loss of consciousness, unusual behavior, personality changes or irritability (specifically in children), improvement in symptoms and again sudden worsening of symptoms, change in consciousness (Riemann et al.).

Different Types of Head Injuries in Sports
It is very common for anyone to get a mild bump on head while playing sports. Sometimes, the athletes face such head injuries which lead from mild injury to a serious injury and too results as a life threatening condition. It is very significant to be aware of various types of sports head injuries in order to take immediate action and better cure well on time. The types of head injuries include
Concussion These head injuries are traumatic which results from severe blows as well as mild blows on the head. Including cumulative concussions, such repeated head injuries can lead to long-term and serious effects. Incase of ignoring the symptoms and signs of serious concussions, the risk of other suffering injuries increases like depression and neurological impairment that are perceived very serious head effecting injuries.

Epidural Hematoma This type of head injury causes bleeding between the brain and the skull. It generally results when head lacerates a blood vessel through the impact of occurred injury and finally creates a blood clot between (dura) brains protective covering and the skull. The brain suffers pressure due to increase in the size of a blood clot and an immediate treatment becomes necessary failing which it can lead to ultimate death. The epidural hematoma is very serious and devastating injury which is obvious from the death of an actress Natasha Richardson. It was realized as a mild head injury faced by Richardson due to a skiing accident but later on, resulted in a severe headache and too visualized the symptoms of an epidural hematoma and eventually became the cause of Richardsons demise. This tragic death was an evidence of serious effects of head injury caused in sports and was termed as talk and die syndrome that shows the fine condition of an injured victim and then causes life threatening effects and circumstances.

Skull Fracture The skull fracture results due to the serious impact of head injury that is directly being caused from hitting. The skull fracture caused to an athlete indicates the signs from major head trauma, continuous bleeding, clear fluid draining from nose or ears, bruising around both eyes or bruising behind the ears and thus, needs immediate treatment.

Black Eye A black eye is usually common which occurs from head injury or face injury. The effects of little face injury can lead to a huge, angry-looking shiner. The black eyes are largely and relatively minor bruises which affects in four to five days. These are a general sign and warning of further severe eye, face or head injury.

Whiplash These injuries are also termed as flexion extension neck injury or cervical hyperextension injury. It generally refers to injuries being caused to the necks soft tissues together with the muscles, tendons and ligaments. The stiffness and neck pain are the symptoms of whiplash.

Fractured Jaw An injury occurred on the head or face also results in a disclosed jaw or a broken jaw which is generally called fractured jaw. All the facial injuries as well as head injuries should be cured immediately by treating medical doctor or a first aid personnel which will help in preventing a severe fractured jaw because failing to treat an injury well on time, can lead to a long-term problems (Bailes).

Treatment
The following are the treatment guidelines for curing the head injuries faced by athletes while playing sports

Stop Playing An athlete facing a head injury is required to stop playing the sports which is the first leading guide for treatment and then simply rest for a better provisional cure. An injured athlete should get off the filed in order to evaluate the circumstances for better care.

Get Urgent Medical Attention A phone call should be made immediately to 911 incase of suffering head injury by a person who loses consciousness, drowsiness, bleeding, shows signs of confusion, other unusual behavior, has nausea or head injury symptoms.

Perform Necessary First Aid While awaiting emergency help, the necessary first aid should be performed and immediate assistance should be sought by a person facing a severe head injury and showing any of the aforesaid signs.

Go to the ER, if unsure The head injury should be checked out at an emergency room or at a trauma center if the actual condition of head injury is not examined. The head injury is properly diagnosed through the usage of a head CT scan which examines the actual injury of brain as well as bleeding in the brain.

Watch for an Expected Change Any dramatic change or sudden change in behavior, symptoms or comprehension such as sudden increase in drowsiness, sudden dizziness, sudden headache or mild headache changing or getting suddenly tense, etc. needs urgent medical attention and treatment.
Watch for Delayed Symptoms Sometimes, the head injuries faced by athletes in sports, does not count immediately and start reacting after few hours or may be in some days following the head trauma. Incase of noticing and facing such delayed symptoms like confusion, vomiting, dizziness, headache or loss of coordination, the medical attention and treatment should be sought immediately for better and timely cure to avoid further harmful happening to the injured head.

Pay Close Attention A very keen attention should be given to the head injuries faced by younger athletes such as children or elderly grown because warfarin known as blood thinners, exceeds the pressure of bleeding incase of facing head injuries. The blood thinners can turn and develop a mild head injury into a severe head injury or can cause a major bleeding in head injury (Karen et al.).

Recovery
The recovery of head injuries in sports could be better and possible very sooner upon paying serious attention towards the injured head and upon following the doctors instructions. There are various useful guidelines which help all athletes and their caregivers in quick recovery of head injures on timely manner.

These guidelines include firstly, the head wound should not be washed which is bleeding a lot or is quite deep secondly, the sticking object should not be removed out from a wound thirdly, the injured athlete should not be moved until absolutely necessary fourthly, the alcohol should not be drunk as well as no drugs should be taken unless otherwise prescribed by the doctor or medical practitioner fifthly, the injured athlete should not be shaken incase of an athlete been seemed dazed, sixthly, the sports should not be played and full rest should be taken by the injured athletes and lastly, the injured athlete should not be disturbed incase of suspecting severe head injury (Field et al.).

Additionally, the 911 should be called immediately or a diagnosing doctor should be contacted urgently if an injured athlete faces serious facial bleeding or severe head bleeding or any serious condition like unconsciousness, lethargic, drowsy or confusion is observed in the injured athlete or the breathing is stopped by the injured athlete or a repeated serious head injury is suspected by any means or the injured athlete develops any symptoms or signs of a severe injury occurred in head (Field et al.).

Prevention
The following is a comprehensive guide for better prevention of head injures which are usually faced by numerous athletes while playing sports

Wearing Safety Equipments The required safety equipments (according to the nature of sports) should be worn by every athlete while playing sports for prevention of head injuries. For instance, the sports like cricket, sports car racing and sports motorcycle racing requires helmet to be worn for better safety of head.

Attentiveness Eyes should be opened and mind should be fully attentive while practicing sports motor bicycling at night and clothing should be worn as reflective and bright colored to be visible. It should also have proper flashers and headlamps.

Safety and Security Children as well as athletes should play in a safe and secure place either for practicing or for competition.

Appropriateness and Cautiousness The appropriate car boosters or seating should be used in driving and racing sports car and sports motorbike.

Obedience and Compliance The instructions of sporting coach should be followed while playing sports which saves from head injures and too diminished the causes of head injuries which are likely to be occurred. The rules of games should also be followed.

Avoiding Potential Harms  The prediction and likeliness of head injuries resulting from any sports activity should be attentively noticed and advice should be sought from trainers and instructors or from coaches during the course of playing sports.

Avoid Drinking The alcohol should not be drunk in any kind of sport. No participation should be taken with any athlete incase of observing him drunk.

Avoid Drug Addiction The drugs should not be taken while playing sports unless otherwise stated and advised by the doctors (Kelly et al.).

Comparison and Contrast of Articles
The following are the comparison and contrast of different scholarly articles which contains all the aforesaid information

The first article is titled Classification of Sport-Related Head Trauma A Spectrum of Mild to Severe Injury which is written by Bailes et al. It describes the various classifications of sports head injuries such as concussion, epidural hematoma, skull fracture, black eye, whiplash and fractured jaw. A comprehensive explanation is also determined with respective to causes, reasons, treatment and precautionary measures required to avoid such head injuries which are generally occurred while playing sports.

The second article is titled Head Injuries in Sport which is written by Robert Cantu. It contains the information related to commonly head injuries in sports such as concussion, leading causes such intracranial hemorrhage, resulting factors such as disability or death, serious conditions such as diffuse cerebral swelling and guides various useful techniques for playing sports.

The third article is titled Summary and Agreement Statement of the 1st International Symposium on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001 which is written by Dvorak et al. It contains the overall consideration related to sport head injuries as well as general information as to how do athletes get mild head injuries and serious head injuries. The athletic related guide with such sport head injuries are too mentioned thereon in the article.

The fourth article is titled Sport and Recreation-Related Head Injuries Treated in the Emergency Department which is written by Karen et al. It contains all the relevant information regarding the treatment of sports head injuries such as stop playing, get urgent medical assistance, perform necessary first aid, go to ER if unsure, watch for an expected change, watch for delayed symptoms and pay close attentions.

The fifth article is titled Serious Head Injury in Sport which is written by Lindsay et al. It discusses the causes of sports head injuries such as coma, paralysis, seizures, chronic headaches, etc. The major occurrences of head injuries are also explained such as non-reversible brain damage or prolonged which results due to bleeding or are caused due to bleeding.

The sixth article is titled Effects of Mild Head Injury on Postural Stability as Measured through Clinical Balance Testing which is written by Riemann et al. It describes the various signs and symptoms of sport head injuries such as convulsions, impaired smell  vision  hearing or taste, distorted feature of face, blurred vision or slurred speech, vomiting or stiff neck, drop in blood pressure, low breathing rate, etc.

The seventh article is titled Does Age Play a Role in Recovery from Sports-Related Concussion A Comparison of High School and Collegiate Athletes which is written by Field et al. It describes the various measures for prompt recovery of sport head injuries that helps an athlete to get back in good performance in order to practice and play sports again with care.

The eighth article is titled Guidelines for the Prevention of Catastrophic Outcome which is written by Kelly et al. It describes the useful techniques for the prevention of sport head injuries such as wearing safety equipments, keeping eyes open while playing, choosing save and secure location for playing sports, complying coachs instructions, not playing at night, etc.

The ninth article is titled The Second Impact in Catastrophic Contact-Sports Head Traums which is written by Saunders et al. It explains the overall occurrence of sport head injuries and too provides a comprehensive guide for avoiding such head injuries which are generally occurred while playing sports.

The tenth article is titled Return to Play Guidelines after a Head Injury which is written by Robert Cantu. It describes the general guidelines for injured athletes who join their sports team upon their return from suffering head injuries. It explains the way of caring and perceiving the affects and nature of injuries being occurred during sports practicing and playing.