Sport

One interesting thing about the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics is how, to this day and age, women are still regarded as second-class citizens and are often times objectified. It is sad as this still happens even in the most progressive and liberal countries. It is a relative fact that sports greatly involves and, to a certain extent, promotes the marginalization of genders (Lecture Notes, 2010). That is why we have the mens and womens events and both genders cannot compete against each other in big sporting events like the Olympics, or in any sport in general. What raised eyebrows were the commentators calling the adult female athletes girls rather than women. I believe the commentators should have practiced a bit of professional courtesy towards the athletes and not tag them as if they were toddlers playing in the school yard. After all, these are professional athletes who have worked and trained hard to be in the world stage. They deserve all the respect and better treatment from their peers. Media personnel should realize that they bear responsibility of the thoughts, ideas, and words broadcasted in the airwaves.

Moreover, news came out about a couple of competing female skaters featured in a swimsuit magazine. According to an online article by Alison Korn (2010), The Olympics are the one time when female athletes get comparable attention to their male counterparts and yet, too much of it focuses on hotness.  To the unsuspecting mind, this might just be a harmless marketing ploy to attract attention and generate more ticket sales and sponsorships, considering that the Winter Games receive less fanfare and coverage compared to the Summer Games. But what bothers me is the ready action of corporate media to banner skimpily dressed athletes to promote the games.  I am sure men athletes had their share of the promotional chores but I am quite sure it was far less provocative or exploitative compared to the womens.

In an important platform like the Olympics, the focus should not only be on competition and winning. The world as it is today is divided and theres no better way to bridge social and cultural gaps than all the people involved treating each other with dignity, respect, and equality.

Physical fitness is one of the most important asset of an individual. Its the physical strength which allows us to keep our daily activities.  A healthy body system anchors ones vigor in order to perform physcial tasks in a normal manner or in a maximum enegry when needed. Having a resistance to fight stress and shield ourselves from any illness is a must quality in order to have a healthy and fruitful living.

This describes the individual strength of Client 1, Ms. Becky, who is 16 years old.  According to the result of her personal fitness questionnaire, her current condition is free of any sickness  such has heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, asthma and cancer.  Also, she is not experiencing any depression.  Her cholesterol is  normal.  When it comes to physiological status, her muscles and joints are not experiencing any ill condiiton.  Her breathing is normal. At the same time, shes not experiencing any headaches nor migraine. Lastly, Becky is free of any kind of allergy.  And is curently not taking any medications.

Becky has a healthy weight which is 54 kg and proportions  her height which is 1.57 m. Her diet is normal. She is not engaging herself in any excessive diet, hence her weight is ideal to her age and body frame. She has a normal body mass index as indicated in her weight and height chart.

Her heart rate is normal which is  60 bpm, hence there is no palpitations or irregular beatings. This strength shows that she has the athletic vigor. Becky, also, has an ideal range of  blood pressure which is 11762 mmHG which proves of her normal cholesterol.

Unfortunately, her lung function for  peak flow meter is below average by 43.3 Lmin.
On the other hand, she has a normal lung function for microspirometer. When it comes to family history, there is no indication of any conditons such as cancer, hypertension, heart disease except for her fathers diabetes.

Based on her current lifestyle test result, Becky describes her overall health and fitness as excellent.  However, she has a limited daily water intake.  She is not engaged in drinking any alcohol, but admits that she used to smoke and eventully quitted. Becky has considered netball as her physical exercise which is two hours a day at, four times a week which started in 2005.

Based on the findings formulated from the questionnaire and monitoring test, the major recommendation for her  health is to maintain her current lifestyle in order to become more healthy. It is also suggested that she keep herself to become more health conscious and be aware of her food intake. It is right to eat a variety grains especially those whole grains foods, fruits and vegetables.  These should be the basis for her healthy eating.  And Becky should also enjoy meals that have rice, pasta, tortillas, or whole grain bread. And should be accompanied by plenty of fruits and vegetabls and a moderate amount of low-fat food from the milk group and the  meat and beans group regularly.

Since  health and lifestyle enhancement can ensure good physical and mental health, this leads to a disease-free and more energetic lifestyle. Eventhough she is still young and full of vigor, to maitain her current status, health enhancement is a must for her. Maintaining, a healthy and regular diet, deeper religious growth and exercise can cause great transformations, both to the mind and body.

For Becky, she should bear in mind that health is not permanent, it needs enhancemetn in order to be healthy all throughout.  Being healthy at young age is not an assurance that she can be healthy for the rest of her life.  She should take extra precautions of the many aspects affecting ones health.  Physical aspect of an individual is very vital in order to have a successful life.  It is just right to consult a physician regularly even though symptoms may not be visible  for the person to take a relevant action.  Practicing a healthy lifestyle gives person a reason to live life to the fullest.

It is just essential for Becky to have optimistic feelings about herself. Physical fitness should be a major goal for an individual to be physically, mentally and emorionally fit.  She has to become positive enough to be more careful of herself and the things surrounding her physical vigor.

Goals in life can be successfully attained only if the major aspect is resolved.  No one can be physically fit to perform jobs unless he or she answers the call or physicall fitness.  Health is essential to ones living. Its just right to treat ourselves with much caring and kindness by obtaining a good health throughout aging.

P1 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
Confine your report solely to the points specified below, paying close attention to the length limits. Marks are also given against each question (total marks 80). For some questions, you will need to consult textbooks or other reference sources. The report should be handed in, at the Undergraduate Office (TM1-85), within ONE week of the date on which the practical is done. The report must represent your own work, and must not be written collaboratively. You must also not copy material from the internet, textbooks or elsewhere. An electronic version of this form is available on Weblearn.

NAMEID NUMBERGROUPDATE OF PRACTICAL
1. Spirometry
(i) Recording of height and age
The following formulae predict, approximately, two specific lung volumes

FORCED VITAL CAPACITY (FVC). This is defined as the maximum volume of gas that can be expelled from the lungs by forceful effort, following a maximal inspiration.
FVC (L)  0.064Hheight  - 0.031Hage - 5.33 (MEN)
 0.052Hheight  - 0.018Hage - 4.36 (WOMEN)
In both these and the subsequent formulae, height must be expressed in cm, and age in years.

TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY (TLC). This is the total amount of gas contained in the lung at the end of a maximal inspiration.
TLC (L) 0.094Hheight - 0.015Hage - 9.17 (MEN)
 0.079Hheight - 0.008Hage - 7.49 (WOMEN)

Questions
Give the gender, age and height of your subject. Calculate FVC and TLC for your subject using the above formulae, remembering to include units. Show your calculations (6 lines maximum 5 marks).
Female, age19, hight1,59cm.FVC  (0.052)(159cm)-(0.018)(19)-4.36           8.27cm-0.342-4.36           3.57 LTLC   (0.079159)-(0.00819)-7.49           12.56  0.152  7.49  4.77 L

The formulae use data for age and height. Why, in terms of physiology, do you think these two variables may be used to predict lung volume (5 lines maximum 5 marks)

In term of physiology, these two variables are used to predict lung volume because age and height are  relatively constant, meaning as we age or get taller the numbers are relatively small than they were a year ago.  In addition, as we age our lungs become less elastic therefore we have less capacity in our lungs to inhale and exhale air. As for the height factor, the bigger someone is the more lung capacity they have and vice versa  when it comes to a person smaller in stature.

Why is FVC always less than TLC Why is this physiologically essential (Hint your answer should refer to the Residual Volume) (5 lines maximum 5 marks)

FVC is always less the TLC because when a person forcibly exhales say during exercise, the left over air in the lungs is the residual volume. The residual volume is essential because the remaining air in our lungs are used to oxygenate the rest of our body. Without our air reserves the body will be depleted of oxygen, which in turn destroy tissues in our muscles and brain.

(ii) Microspirometers
Complete the following Table with the data obtained in the practical. (5 marks)
UnitsBreath 1Breath 2Breath 3AverageFEV1L3.263.173.233.22 LFVCL3.543.453.543.51 LFER0.920.910.91PEFL441445435440 Ls

Why is FER is always less than 100 in healthy subjects  Giving the references you used at the end of this report, state what range of FER values is considered normal. (5 lines maximum 5 marks)
FER is always less than 100 in healthy persons because a healthy person often exerts greater force on their lungs to provide their muscles with oxygen. The normal range for FER are values is between 75-80.

Why is FER often used, in preference to FEV1 or PEF, when comparing different subjects  (5 lines maximum 5 marks)
FER is often preferred than FEV1 or PEF because FER has a wider, more consistent range and its also a better indication of airflow limitation. Whereas, with the other two, numbers could be askew depending on the force exerted by the subject when breathing during the test.

Compare the estimates of FVC you made by (i) calculation from height and age (ii) using the microspirometer. Suggest possible causes for any differences found. (5 lines maximum 5 marks)
The calculation for the FVC from the formula and microspirometer werent that much different. Some possible causes could have been the amount of air being exhaled into the device. In addition, the force with  which the air was being blown could have skewed the numbers a little bit. In addition, with microspirometercalculation individuals must take into account outside forces such as room air and any slight movements made by the individual during testing.

Recalculate your average PEF as L s-1. Is this figure different from that for FEV1  One would normally expect PEF (expressed as L s-1) to be higher than FEV1 - why (5 lines maximum 5 marks)


2. Collection and analysis of expired air

Complete the Table provided below, as indicated. Take note of the units specified for each calculation.
ROWS 1-3. Enter your recorded data here
ROW 4. Minute Volume is the volume of air exhaled per minute. Calculate using the data in row 1.
ROW 5. Tidal Volume is the average volume of each breath. Calculate using data already entered.
ROW 6. Calculate the rate of expiration of oxygen using the data in rows 3 and 4.
ROW 7. Calculate assuming that (i) the concentration of oxygen in room air is 20.9 and (ii) the minute volume of air inhaled is equal to the minute volume exhaled.
ROW 8. Calculate using the data in rows 6 and 7.
ROW 9. Calculate by multiplying the data in row 8 with the correction factor supplied
ROW 10. Calculate using the fact that oxygen consumption (expressed under STPD conditions) is proportional to energy expenditure 1 L of oxygen consumed is approximately equivalent to an energy expenditure of 20 KJ. (10 marks)

RowVariableFigure1Total volume of expired air (L)15.12Number of breaths in one minute (ventilation rate)143Oxygen concentration in expired air () 17.64Exhaled minute volume ATPS (L min-1)0.252 L5Tidal volume ATPS (L)1.09 L 6Oxygen exhalation rate ATPS (ml min-1)14.3 mLmin 7Oxygen inhalation rate ATPS (ml min-1)12.1 mLmin 8Oxygen consumption ATPS (ml min-1) 1.18 mLmin9Oxygen consumption STPD (ml min-1) 10Energy expenditure (J min-1)NOTE In the above table, volume data has been expressed using the terms ATPS and STPD. ATPS means the gas volume measured under actual laboratory conditions of temperature, pressure and humidity these may vary from day to day. STPD conditions on the other hand are standardised, and it is necessary to convert ATPS volumes to STPD before carrying out the calculation for energy expenditure in the above table.

How does your value for resting energy expenditure compare with normal values By how much might energy expenditure increase under conditions of maximum exercise. Give references for your sources, at the end of this report. (5 lines maximum 5 marks)

The range for normal REE values start from 1512J-3112J.  Energy expenditure increases greatly when a Person exercises at maximum capacity. The amount it takes to inhale and exhale one breath takes enough Energy  imagine how much energy it takes for a person to get through a gruelling workout.
     
 In order to calculate energy expenditure, we assumed that oxygen consumption is proportional to energy expenditure. Explain why this is normally true, and identify when, in a healthy individual, it might not be correct. (5 lines maximum 5 marks)

Normally the amount of oxygen a person consumes is the same amount of energy heshe expends because Breathing normally requires so little energy that the energy used is the same. On the hand, a healthy individualMay expend less energy when breathing because the body has become accustomed to receiving less oxygen Therefore when a healthy person breathes the pressure the exert is far less than that of say an overweight Person because their bodies have more oxygen reserve because they dont breathe in and out as much.

Assuming that each g of ATP used in the body requires 60J to synthesise, how much ATP is your subject using (a) each minute during the measurement (b) each day, assuming that average energy expenditure remains the same as that which you measured Show your calculations and comment on the figures obtained in relation to the synthesis and breakdown of ATP. (10 lines maximum 5 marks)

A. 14 breathsmin  60 secs.  840J  B. 14 breaths min  60 min.  16 hrs.  13, 440 J The synthesis and breaking down of ATP requires a lot of energy and these figures are staggering considering This how much energy we need each day just to keep breathing.

The assumption used to complete Row 7 of the Table (that minute volume of inhaled air  minute volume of exhaled air) is not quite correct. Three factors contribute to this  what are they (7 lines maximum 10 marks)

The Redskin Park is the headquarters for Washington Redskins National Football League (NFL). It is located on a one sixty acre farm which was formerly a dairy farm. The complex has four football fields and sports medicine facilities. It also has got meeting rooms and offices for players, front office staff, coaches and accommodation rooms for broadcast and print media. The public is often invited for the Redskins training sessions where they have free admissions (About, 2010).

Type of facility
Redskin camp is privately held. It is owned by Daniel M. Snyder, who has run the franchise for a period of twelve years. It contributes to the revenue of the government as it is involved in selling some of its memorabilia, like watches and clothes. There are several reasons which support the fact that it is profit making. The tickets for watching the matches are very expensive and the car parking fees are stiff. When there are cases of ticket defaulters, they are heavily penalized. It is believed that coaches and players join the Redskins so as to get a huge payday, and not for winning matches (About, 2010).

The addresses and the architect
 The Redskins address is Ashburn, VA 20147_6100 (703) 726-7000. Its website address is  HYPERLINK httpwww.redskins.com httpwww.redskins.com. Redskins Park is open for the members when the players are training. It is usually open on all days except on Mondays (Linked in, 2010).The Redskins Park franchise was established on July 9, 1932. It was then owned by Jay OBrien, Vincent Bendix, George Preston Marshall and Dorland Doyle (Redskins Bridge Line, 2009).

Mission statement
The mission statement of the Washington Redskins Park is to utilize the assets of the Washington Redskins and its corporate and community partners to make a positive and measurable impact on youth development in the greater Washington D.C. region in the areas of education, community, outreach, health and wellness  (Scouting, 2010).

Economic impact on facility
 The Redskins Park is the most important franchise in the National Football League. In 2009, the facility had total revenue of three hundred and forty five million dollars (Forbes, 2009). Several donations that the facility makes are tax deductible. Therefore, the Redskins park impacts the American economy positively (Scouting, 2010).The facility collaborates with several companies in community contracts. It has collaborated with GlaxoSmithKline which treats the sick for free and sells medicine. This raises the revenue got by the company. The National Football Team Players play well so that they can appear on the radar screens and get a contract to play for the gold and burgundy. These contracts contribute a lot to the government revenue in form of tax (Laymans Perch, 2010).

Total number of employees, management and staff
 The Redskins Park has several employees, who range from two hundred and one to five hundred employees. The company has five key executives, led by Mr. Daniel M. Snyder. There are fifteen leadership council members, who are vital for the smooth running of the facility (Linked in, 2010 Scouting, 2010).

Budget used for facility
The company uses an internal budget system. This is because it operates in the private sector (About, 2010). The Redskins Park is contracted by several companies as they promote education and health in the Ashburn community. Additionally, the company gets funding for the sale of tickets, car charging facilities in the park and luncheons organized by the management, where people pay a set amount of money. The Redskins Park is also involved in selling some items like jumpers and watches. The accommodation rooms for the media personalities also generate income as they pay for them (About, 2010 Scouting, 2010).

Negative and positive attributes of the facility
The Redskins Park has impacted the Ashburn society positively. The company has contracted companies like GlaxoSmithKline and several other community partners, which have worked together so as to prevent childhood obesity amongst the children. The Park has been sponsored by other companies like Ernst Young so as to promote literacy in the society. It has provided library grants and Redskins activity books .It advises the students on how to balance on the academic and extra curricular activities (Scouting, 2010).The most significant negative impact of the Redskins Camp is that it exploits the society members by the expensive tickets sold and high charges for car parking in the facility. Also, most players join the National Football League because of the money they are promised, and not for winning purposes (About, 2010).

Programs that facility offers
The facility offers a lot of programs. The Redskins Park offers several holiday programs. They distribute toys, food and coats during Thanksgiving Day. Hometown Huddle is also another program, where they participate in community service projects every year. On a yearly basis, the Redskins Park hosts a Welcome Home Luncheon before the start of the regular session. This program gives the fans a chance to spend time with the alumni, coaches and players (Scouting, 2010).

Facility promotions and who develops them
There are several companies which develop the promotions of the facility. The major companies are The Larry King Cardiac Foundation, Ernst  Young and the Booz Allen Hamilton. The facility promotions include charitable events in Ashburn. Coaches are also taken to high schools so as to inspire the young high school students. The facility offers a free health screening each Saturday. The most common screening is that of steroid prevention and breast cancer awareness. It has a youth football program where young fans enjoy football. There is a program which is meant to help the children active for a minimum of one hour per day, so as to exercise (About, 2010).

Types of Advertising used by the facility 
There are accommodation rooms inside the Redskins Park for the broadcast and print media, who are the main advertisers of the facility. It also advertises the activities it holds through the internet. Additionally, the facility advertises its products by giving free samples to the people who participate in the programs they offer, like free jumpers and clothes from their clothe line and magazines for health awareness. When there are training sessions for the players in the camp, the facility is usually open to the public. This is a way of advertising the facility, as those who watch the training sessions will end up buying tickets for the final game (About, 2010 Scouting, 2010).

Safety Operational Procedures 
The management of the Redskins Park lowers the prices of the tickets so as to win over a new audience. Additionally, there is frequent training for the management committee. The park avoids selling off its land so as to make sure that the expansion prospects are not stifled. The company also works on the corporate sponsorships it makes, as they play a big part in raising the annual revenue (About, 2010 Scouting, 2010).

Conclusion 
The Redskins Park has had a positive impact on the Ashburn society. The Management of the Park should always ensure that the society is not exploited in any way, so that they can afford to watch the matches.

Children and games
Olympic Games have been found to attract much attention from spectators as compared to any other cultural phenomena (Murray, 1896). When we have Olympic Games then we have people scrambling for seats in the stadiums they are taking place and millions of other following the proceedings on television sets. Many medalists have even confirmed that it is not the winning that is important in an Olympic game but the tribulations and ululations when one is being presented with a medal. It is with this reason that we have to bring up children knowing which Olympic Games are real, and which ones is not (Murray, 1896). Then we have got to teach them that some games might be mere acting or after a lot of exercises and before doing this then it is impossible to be perfect in executing the same.

One thing the children share in the world is their games. Childrens games are common to each child and any children can fit to games of other children which they dont share a background without any big problem. However the media has been found to influence children so much on certain aspects (Deal,  Kennedy, 1999). Children all over the world are exposed to media in one way or another and if not then they are exposed to children who have exposure to media.

Most adults have been asked if the some of the Olympic Games that children are exposed to are likely to change their behavior and they denied the same. When asked a second question if an advert on television is likely to influence their purchasing patterns they acknowledged that it has that possibility. Now the big puzzle here is, are the Olympic Games not likely to influence a childs character and even behavior because they would want to emulate some superstars

Television watching and its impacts on a Childs behavior
Children are very apt imitators of whatever they watch and hear (Amelia, 2002). No child will want to be associated with failure and that is common in children when you threaten himher and the response is that the dad is to be informed and he will deal with you. Even if the person threatening seems to be physically built well than the father or mum, they know that their parents are the best. Whatever that they watch on Television they would want to emulate it perfectly ignoring the cost involved in doing the same.

Media violence is like a health issue and the more that a person is used to the same then the person gets addicted. If the medicine for this health issue is taken in excess then it requires prevention as the best cure. It has been suggested that kids are more vulnerable to media abuse because they are unable to differentiate between fantasy and reality. More so children under the age of 8 years do not have the same understanding of fantasy and reality that the adults do have. Most parents have been spotted that whatever the children view on television is a little violent and they expect the children to distinguish between fantasy and reality. In a case like that one now, who qualifies to be called a kid

The notion that the ability to distinguish between reality and fantasy inoculates a person fro0m media effects is so wrong and has no basis. For instance parents know that adverts are sometimes not real but they work out, then media violence is not also a small entertainment but sometimes ameliorates its effects. Infect normally parents see the effects of watching media violence with the children and they just get scared, excited, laugh, and our palms might be noticed sweating and even hearts racing. Other effects of media violence might be so obvious so that they are not noticeable.

The proliferation of media violence and its Economic Underpinnings
Violence in entertainment is an old civilization that can be rooted to when the Romans used to entertain themselves watching Christians do battle with angry lions and this used to be considered as a type of game. Dramatic theater from the Ancient Greeks to Shakespeare to Andrew Lloyd has always been full of jealousy, retribution, and violence. It is up to the 20th century that the media has documentaries of this and because mass media is available to everybody then the probability that people are likely to get in touch with this is high.

Early the 20th century radio programs and motion pictures provided interesting diversion programs for those people who would afford them (Murray, 1896). By this time also people considered radio and television not to be important. However with the invention of television by the year 1939, about three quarters of homes in US had a television set by 1955. Now days around 90 percent of children between the ages of 2 and 17 play video and computer games or have access to the same (Funk, 2001).

The rise in media consumption has had very important implications in the society and cultural norms and practices are being imparted to children from the media (Caplan, A.  Coehlo, O. 2006). Media can be defined as an overt depiction of a physical threat force or the actual use of such force intended to physically harm an animate being or groups of beings. Violence includes certain depictions of physically harmful consequences against an animate being or group that occurs as a result of unseen violent means. Some people have agreed that the cartons that the children are allowed to view proliferate violence. Most of the cartoons are cunning and others depress others to have powers over them and this is exactly that children are likely to copy and emulate.
 
1990 is the year when the number of programs on t television which proliferated violence was on increase with the hero character using violence to emerge victorious out of situations which are close to impossible coming out of them. It is situations like this that children sometimes find themselves in and they would want to use the heroic features to come out of them. Every program on television at the moment must strive to inculcate some form of violence for it to sale and for those who produce the programs are competing to have a lot of their programs on air play.

Why the media is so violent
We stay in a society which is violent and art has been found to imitate the forms of life and to prevent the same it is important that we clean up the society and not the reflection of society. Hamliton (2003) provides evidence of the use of violence in the media as a marketing strategy to ensure a viewing audience. What is portrayed as violence is a competitive tool in both entertainment and news to attract a viewing audience.
To narrow down to Olympic Games and how the media has proliferated violence using them let us at first consider news (Murray, 1896). News about Olympic Games is considered news if it is has some elements of oddity or bizarre. Children would want to watch what makes them laugh at the same time happy and that is not going to end there because they are to put into practice what they here of. For example in Olympics there is a game of eating while one is running, and so many kids would want to watch it and even imitate how fast those people would be eating.

Violent media are successful in part because the violence attracts the attention of male adolescents who are the main sought after audience. Violence based movies are also easy to produce with easy language as compared to soap operas which require a lot of mental work to produce them. They are also preferred because there isnt a lot which is required in connoting the messages encoded in the movies as compared to any other form movies. Many television stations at the moment air wrestling matches which are compared a form of Olympic game because the wrestlellers win certain titles at various categories (Deal,  Kennedy, 1999). Wrestling is liked by many children more so the males who take watching it as a hobby.

Whatever we watch on wrestling matches is sometimes acting and normally we have warnings from the superstars that we shouldnt try the same at home neither at school (Abouna, 2009). However many of the fans of this program dont find time to connote what exactly the meaning of the phrase at the end means. Children take it up to their arms and they start abusing the same which is as dangerous as it can lead to physical injury of the involved children and those who had the potential to take after the superstars will have no chance in future (Caplan, A.  Coehlo, O. 2006).

A case is reported from Washington of a father and his son in the bedroom of the father who is dressing. The boy notices the pistol on the dressing table takes it and orders the father to raise hands up as what he sees in the television. The father ignores and insults him to put it down but the boy is adamant and the father wants to jump and snatch the pistol from the boy and make him a fool but the boy is witty enough to pull the trigger on time. In this case the boy ins not to be blamed in any way because all he knows about a pistol is for fun exactly what he sees on television because some superstars are shot and again he sees them or they are shot and they dont die.

There are some games for example karate and judo which are basically meant for sporting and maybe for self-defense when time is due (Murray, 1896). Some children do train in this and they would want to take due advantage of what they see in television by punishing those who dont have the skills to the same. One thing with children is that they would only want to be associated with heroes and villains and any chance they get with a villain they are likely to utilize it well. There fore this game has been abused by some bullies.
In conclusion childrens games are associated with some teachings and some of them used to instill societal values.

Recommendations
The games that children play should be decided by the society so that they are a vessel of passing on some societal values which are helpful to everyone who is involved. The society should shape the games in a manner that they dont offer for domination of one child to another and they dont inculcate a sense of violence to the young minds that are involved. The society should also act as role models so that the games they engage in are instilling role models to be worth of emulation by the upcoming generation.

The advertising industry should stop using those teen dominated media for adverts that seem to associate Olympics with violence (Mirvis, P.  Marks, M 1992). Instead they should give games a positive image so that children are motivated to embrace the Olympic and games activities. The media should also give substantive airplay to those sporting activities that seem to embrace human dignity and societal values.
The retailers of software concerned with games to children should also be monitored by the state so that they propagate issues which are not boosting violence in the society. Also for parents who purchase the same should explain to their children fully what they entail because the children cannot avid contact with the same completely.

The games which entail acts of violence and wrestling should be having more of the warning messages against the children practicing at home and school what they di in the ring (Murray, 1896). They should also offer reasons why the children should avid to do the same because in some video clips of the lives of the childhood of the superstars they show how they liked wrestling from early ages. They are also supposed to offer explanations on what course of action that children who want to become like them in future should take (Mirvis, P.  Marks, M 1992).

It has been an inherent trend to use mascots, nicknames and logos in representing athletic teams of schools and to distinguish them apart from the other teams. There is a trend prevalent in collegiate sports team to name the womens teams as the counterpart of the male team. This often ignored practice has become an issue relating to gender and sexism. This particular practice proliferate sexism and limited athletic opportunities for women. Most schools practice sexism nomenclature in naming their womens teams. Sexist language reflects and reconstructs unequal power relations between men and women (Pelak, 2008, p.189). Moreover, there is a disparity in the athletic opportunities that women can avail because of the limited number of womens teams in schools.

More than half of the colleges and universities in the United States use sexist names in naming their womens teams. These naming practices undermine and exclude women and promote male supremacy and domination as well as female subordination (Eitzen  Zinn, 1993). Most of women teams names are the female counterpart of the male teams. Thus, this shows that women are only second class athletes and that the mens team is main recipient of honor and recognition of the triumphs and victories in the sports activities. The name first recalls the mens team rather than the women who play the same sport. Personally, the names matters less in the teams performance. Women should have the liberty to disassociate themselves on the mens team. Gender issues have existed in the society even before, the naming practices of schools have become a tradition in most schools and for the purpose of easier identification. However, female subordination is becoming more prevalent because of this sexist nomenclature. There should be a reform stating that womens team is a different entity apart from the mens team to further foster camaraderie and harmonious relationship in the school setting.

As a result of globalization nationalism is becoming outdated and the function of sport in making nations gradually weakening. Though global sport has offered elementary confront to national and local sport it has also helped in the creation of an opportunity for sport to be more global. Sports have helped a lot in many instances and its relationship with nationalism is conspicuous.  Among the positive impact of sports that have been witnessed are reconciliation, ethnic and civic reforms, it also provides safe exit of emotions among the perturbed people, formation of cultural nationalism among others.

Though Police have helped in internationalism as they have remained the envoy of the citizens within the borders, sport  national governing bodies  and agencies also continue to play a major role as far as governing body of sport within countries is concerned basing it on international decisions. As far as most people argue that a solitary sport only represents a single nation it is not logic as certain games like shinty, American football continues to flourish.

Fukuyama in 1992 championed the cause of globalised society in which the state of a nation is viewed antiquated. On the other hand, Hirst and Thompson in 1999 argued that the function of the nation state remains essential as far as international governance is concerned. Due to power instilled to nation states they remain influential to both populations and territory. Populations have remained the subject of concern to the citizenship of a national state. The challenge that should be addressed in sports is to traverse the boundaries of bigotry and recognize sport loyalties in both national and regional aspect. Relationship between nationalism, sport and national identities needs to be analyzed in terms of place and time Government and policies do change but the needs hardly change. A question of whether the needs really remain unchanged is an area of controversy but the rational direction remains under social psychology. The dissertation of individualization has not only spread to sociology but in sport market as well. Sport is mostly a matter of social dealings and depends greatly on social indicators.

The theory of individualization in the grounds of socio-history it alleges that modernity has indistinct all social related relations thus making individual choice a not only a dominant but also a determinant. According to Anthony Giddens inscription on self identity the theory of individualization is one that is factual. Jarvies study depicts to the theory of individualization though not in opposition with the reduction of social capital.
Logically both the theory on individualization as far as sport is concerned is deviation of liberal philosophy. It portrays clearly that everybody is a maker of her or his own fortune. Jarvie however brazens out the theory reasoning on what happens in sports triangle and market as Sport bustle follows commercial and public patterns at the same time and in inconsistency. On mainstream sports where American nation and Mexicans are concerned individualization is highly questionable as sport can only be termed as arena for contradictions.
Study of sports leads from knowledge to action and the story on sports is a topic for discussion on the kind of society we would want for the future generations. Relationship between sport and nationalism has depicted the influence it would have on the changing system of the world power operating from global to high levels. Sport has a lot of benefit in that it creates a sense of belonging between people of different hemisphere.