Sport

Saturday, September 11 2009. it is not Osama and the Twins Towers again it is Serena Williams at the US Open semi-finals against Kim Clijsters. But it was terror all the same. She faulted during a serve, the judge penalized her and the sensational tennis queen went on riot, literally. Wagging her racket, she charged at the judge and ranted Im going to shove this ball down your f------ throat (Associated Press 2009). The devils in her had earlier been enraged when she broke her racket after losing the opening set.

Since Zinedine Zidans head butting at the World Cup in Germany, anything rough, foul and physical has perfectly fitted the description of the masculine style of doing things. So they dominate high charged games like football, racing, hockey, cricket and rugby. The fairer sex, being fair, presumably, engages in the gentler version of sport swimming, tenniswhere strain, exertion, tear wear and the masculinizing effects of sport are limited (Griffin, 1993, 193). These games attract less media and audience attraction, less packages and athlete idolizing, like soccer did to Pele, Maradona and their male kind. Who doesnt know or has never heard of Ronaldo, Kaka and David Beckham Tiger Woods could be famous for the wrong reasons, but then whenever you hear Tiger, you see a Nike cape, a smooth face and a golf club on a green lawn in the woods. And for Serena- or any female athlete for that matter, the picture is never complete without a voluptuous breasts popping out of a thin bra, and a peeping g-string beneath a thigh-high mini. But in rare occasions, like the September 11 US Open, the female presence manifests itself in a more assertive and physical manner.
This is the quality of aggressiveness (Theberge, 2003, 504) that female athletes have acquired through sport, signaling a shift from feminine tendencies. Despite the odds and challenges associated with being female, coupled with the patriarchal attitude of a male dominated media industry, a number of female athletes have played their way into the center of the game, all the while shaping and defining the changing feminine social trends. This essay focuses on the exploits of the worlds most celebrated female athlete in recent times, tennis player Serena Williams.

Born on September 26, 1981, Saginaw, Michigan, Serena Jameka Williams is one of the best female tennis players in the world, currently ranked number one. She is the sister to Venus Williams, also a former world champion. She grew up in the poor violence prone suburb of Compton in Los Angeles. Together with her sister, she started playing tennis at the age of four on the public lawns of Compton, where they often had to duck gunfire. Perhaps it was from this harsh environment where one is always on the guard and physical agility is necessary for survival, that Serena nurtured her style of powerful game, tough determination, possessing hard ground strokes and superb athleticism (Answers.com, 2010). She first played her professional tournament in WTA in 1997 in Moscow in which she lost. She was later to defeat seventh ranked Mary Pierce, and then fourth placed Monica Seles, making her rise from the 403rd position to number 102.

She quickly established herself as a force in tennis, with successive wins in the singles title in 1999 US Open. The big break-through came in the 2002-2003 season, with the famous Serena Slam by winning all the four grand slam titles the 2002 French Open, Wimbledon and U.S. Open titles, and the 2003 Australian Open, before making another hit with the Wimbledon in 2003 and 2009, the Australian Open in 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, and the U.S. Open in 2008 (Answers.com, 2010).

Dealing with injuries at one time became her biggest challenge that often led to withdrawals from matches and defeats. The year 2000 in particular was rough for the then No. 22 player. Despite winning against Hingis to retain the Los Angeles Title and winning another one at Hanover, a ligament injury saw her lose in the Paris Indoor competition. She surrendered from a match against Hingis in the Canadian Open due to foot inflammation. It also denied her the US Open doubles semi finals. The last blow that sent her into recession was a meniscus tear during the second round of the Amelia Island Tournament (Answers.com, 2010).
 She was to wait until 2002 in the Australian Open to defeat the worlds top trio, comprising of her sister Venus, Hingis and Capriati to rise to second spot, behind her sister. She finally defeated her at the Wimbledon final and with the victory, became the worlds number one female athlete in tennis. The media hyper about the Serena Sensation sold her to the corporate world, which opened avenues for endorsement packages and inevitably, the celebrity status of stardom. It is at this point that Nike got into the game, with its sporting aesthetics of lingerie shows and flesh display entertainment. At the September 11 US Open, beneath a flesh hugging mini-dress whose design portrayed excellent knowledge of cloth economics, every body detail was nakedly prominent.

It has long been assumed that female contribution to sport is purely aesthetic..to decorate, feminize and soup it up for the indulgence of mens appetite and gaze since men form the majority viewing audience for womens sporting events (WS 240, Lecture x, Winter 2010).  Why else would they don skimpy and tight-fitting games kit It must have been an ingenious discovery by Nike that a little more flesh, more bum and butt are necessary to sex up the game. Without the bras and tale telling lingerie strings- which actually linger around the places they are supposed to cover, very few people (read men) would care about womens sport events and perhaps remember that anything ever happened at all (WS 240, Lecture x, Winter 2010).

Through the art of constructing the truth, Nike surely knows how to make the image click and stick in the minds of the audience. The female body, with its appealing feminine features, becomes an object through which the corporate sector packages and sells its products to the public. They introduce a constructed truth on how the ideal dress-code ought to be, and in so doing promote a social lifestyle ideology that infects the audience. The media plays its role of repackaging the female athlete image, by drawing attention to the parts that matter. However, Helstein (p 290) says that such constructions by Nike are not necessarily a way to progress to a more true self.

In the capitalist market, sports have been transformed into products that can be sold to the media. Marxist and Socialist ideologies argue that it is this capitalist commercialization of sports that has led to the exploitation of women by the media and corporate sector. It is a fact that dressed in any other way, Serena Williams (and other women as well) are truly gorgeous and uh, appealing. However, a generous display of flesh makes her appear a little more delicious in the eyes of men. Now, that is what every other woman wishes for herself the image that makes heads turn in the streets, unless the man she just passed has a very stiff neck. The media preys on their gullibility to sell this belief. As Birrell  McDonald, (2000, p.11) observes, The easiest way to get to ideology is through the media.  The advertising corporations generally target men, reason why sensuality and baser passions are strong factors in this regard. So it is the necessity to create this effect that Serenas on-the-court attire (like other female athletes) is scarce on all the wrong places the very ones that the media captures to feed their audience with. Nonetheless, her physique and power display deviate from popular belief that ladies should be gentle, vulnerable and fragile in the feminine way that makes them attractive to the masculine opposite. Threatening the judge for pointing out her fault is not a feminine nature. Similarly, her language sounded masculine and equally intimidating, contrary to their nature of silence in the game (Griffins 195). This suggests the de-feminization effect that sports has on female athletes, who toughen up and assume masculine qualities.note William Serenas words Im going to shove this ball down your f------ throat

In the Victorian times, women were allowed to engage in physical activities of a suitable kind, in moderation, without overindulgence or risk of strain, which were considered to enhance the health of their potential to conceive health children (Hargreaves, p 57 Cited in WS 240, Lecture_Outline_2, Winter 2010).
Kim Clijsters gave this impression, but Williams portrayed the exact opposite. One is made to believe that she can deliver a devastating punch with her powerful hands. Note that one feature that defines her playing styles is physical strength her ground strokes are hard and fast. This creates the impression that women can get as good as any man.

Nonetheless, what this implies, I think, is the fact that women are breaking into the world of men hard and furious. In the Grecian period, women were killed for the mere offense of watching men at play. Instead, says Lenskyj (1986), they were encouraged to focus on their natural and patriotic roles as wives (qtd by Griffin in Cahn and OReilly, 2007, 193). The patriarchal dominance upon women is evident from this early period, which the Marxists would argue is even more prominent in the capitalist world today. They were prohibited from physical aggressiveness, explaining their inhibiting but highly ornamental attire (Hargreaves 54). The ornamental attire, apparently, was intended to please men and feed their fancies. And when they overcame these restrictions by excelling in sporting activities long dominated by men, they became victims of their femininity they were commoditized into beautiful objects that could be packaged and sold to the media.
In conclusion, the place of female athletes in sports is gaining a new meaning that will perhaps become evident in the near future. Their femininity makes them objects of desire that the capitalist market exploits for a commercial gain. However, the physical strength and power displayed suggest that women are becoming more aggressive and ready to participate in physically charged games. Presently, we have womens soccer world cup games, previously considered too rough for their soft bodies. Defying the conventions and challenging men in sports is the one way through which they have empowered themselves in a male dominated world (Theberge, 203, p 500). They have changed the rules of the game in their favor, and it might not be long before they don skin tight shorts on a rugby pitch.

F.T.T.I. (Frequency, Time, Type, and Intensity) is one of the regularly followed frameworks for developing and monitoring an exercise Program. It is also commonly used in the strength and weight training. The standard recommendation is as follows
Frequency3 to 5 times per weekIntensityModerate to High Should focus on heart rateTime Anything from 20 mins to 60 minsTypeCombination of exercises which use the whole body or a group of large muscles
Frequency

Frequency is the first and foremost component of FTTI framework as it helps in building the basics of any fitness program and setting up the goals. Depending upon the fitness level of an individual it should vary from 3 to 5 times per week. For Mr Latif- Treadmill and Free weight exercise it is at least once per week. While for endurance exercise it starts from 2 per week in the initial stage to 4 per week. For Football training, a the major components, the frequency starts from nil in the first 2 weeks and increases to 4 times in the last 2 weeks.

Intensity
Another important aspect of FTTI and the hardest to measure is Intensity. The best way to judge the intensity is by monitoring the heart rate of an individual. The heart rate should be in the Target Heart Rate Zone depending upon the fitness level, age and strength of an individual. For low fitness individual it is 50 to 70 of their maximum heart rate while for high fitness individual like athletes it is 70 to 85.  Mr Latif has shown good intensity in Muscular Endurance and Flexibility with excellent sit ups (55 reps), while his intensity in speed and power exercises has been low. Also, his intensity in Grip Testing has been average with best being 46.5 kg and 50.3 kg in left and right hands respectively. His intensity in football training, which was 2 hours per session, has been noteworthy.

Time
Time spent on a particular exercise depends upon its type and target to be achieved out of that exercise. Time spent is also related to intensity as it is very important to maintain proper intensity for a sufficient time to get the desired effect. For cardio-vascular exercises like treadmill it should be around 20 mins which is appropriate too. For muscular strength exercise time is measured as sets. Here, 3 sets are being done by Mr Latif, which is in accordance with the set standards. Time spent on Netball, Football, badminton, Futsal comes out to be around 5.5 hours per week, while for the overall training it is around 7.5 hours per week.

Type
Type of the exercise is important as it basically decides the kind of results which are to be achieved. So, an individual should choose the types after properly deciding the goal of the training program. Here, Mr Latif has designed his training program keeping 4 goals in mind viz. speedagility, endurance, body composition and flexibility. The different types of exercises are treadmill run, cycling, Free weights (Leg curlsextension, Peck Deck, Chest Press, Bicep Curl, Arm Raises, Lat Pulldowns, Tricep Extension), Sports Training, Flexibility PNF training.

Specificity
As far as the relevance of the exercises in relation with the pre-set goals of Mr Latif is concerned, this program seems to be appropriate with sufficient focus on all the 4 desired goals. To achieve one of the desired aims and objectives Ability to play for more than 90 mins in any activity, the program has lots of football training in it. This increases to around 8 hours per week in the 5th and 6th week. Also, to maintain Body Composition, Free Weights training is regularly done with focus on overall body shape. Horizontal Jump has been specifically included for increasing power.

Progression of Training Program
The body of an individual goes through a process of rebuilding and repair after any exercise session. As far as frequency is concerned, it is absolutely perfect keeping the goals in mind and it progresses from 4 to 5 times per week. The overall total time spent has increased from 7 hours week to 9 hours week.
In the last two weeks the program becomes stable towards endurance. This could be termed as a bit overloaded and little bit over focused on only particular area of the program because out of 44 hours of total program around 36 hours is being spent on Endurance which comes out to be more than 80. While all the other exercises combined are only getting minor share of less than 20.

Reversibility
This aspect of training would mainly depend upon the inactivity of the individual and would result in a decline in the range of movement. Any adaptation which has taken place could be reversed if a particular activity is ceased. For example- In the given training program it is very important for Mr Latif to keep playing the mentioned sports like football to keep up the agility. Similarly, free weight exercise and cyclingrunning should be continued to keep up with the body composition.

Tedium
The program is innovative because it keeps sports (an entertaining activity) as one of the main mediums of exercise rather than just regular gym exercises. For example- Netball and Futsal are one of the innovations. This also helps given the sports interest of Mr Latif.  For flexibility training PNF and Isometric are appropriate too. The result sheet has been very nicely designed and gives a complete picture of the tests on each aspect.

Strengths
The key strengths of the program lie in its specificity and innovative design.

Speed  If we see the improvements in sprinting is from 8.47 secs to 7.54 secs.

Agility  Mr Latif is showing a better result on Illinois Test run after undertaking this program. His best result being 1916 secs.

Endurance training  This program is focusing maximum on Endurance Training. As we see the results Mr Latif is showing very good rating in press ups and sit ups. Moreover, his stamina and his ability to play football has increased. He is able to do 9 hours of exercise per week which is a remarkable achievement.

Body composition  It has improved due to various types of Free Weight training and running. His waist is smaller by 2 inches.
 
Flexiblity - Sit and reach test is also a good indicator and shows a best result of 13 cm. Also, PNF and isometric training are other good inclusions.

Weaknesses
One of the weaknesses this program is its inability to induce more speed and agility. Second weakness is its over focus on Endurance. Third weakness is lack of exercises like Hill Training, Parachute training, stair drill, ballistic stretch etc.

The sprint time has decreased but it is still poor according to the ratings.

Horizontal jump rating is poor too which implies lack of power training.

Leg Curl and Leg extension exercises should have been more intense. This adds to the muscle strength and hence a better speed.

Cycling has been included only once in the whole program which should be more. It should be at least twice a week.

Suggestions Improvements
Speed and Agility Improvement
Focus on treadmill  At least 3 times per week. On an average 20 mins per session.
Parachute training and hill training should be included along with sports exercises. At least 2 times per week.
 Stair Drill and resistance drill should be practiced to improve agility and leg strength.

Flexibility Improvement
Stretching exercises like Ballistic stretching should be included to improve flexibility. They could be done for 10 mins, 3 times per week before the start of any session.

Power and strength Improvement
Free Weight training should be included twice a week just like in the 2nd week. This would add strength to the muscles and help in showing better test results.

Sporting activities in the modern society are becoming a source of livelihood for many in the society. Unlike traditional sporting practices, modern sport is one of the most paying of almost all professional fields. Still clear from this is the fact that sporting has been received with much support particularly from the youth population (Morrow 13). It is because of this that sporting activities are seen as a source of role models to the young population. Sport brings with it cultural diversity thus creating a sustainable avenue for non-discriminative association for different members of the society. This essay is written as a discussion on the appearance of sports today. The author in particular gives an analytical discussion on the cultural meaning of sports and the role it plays in providing role models in the society. A discussion on the message sports sends to the youth today concerning being fit and healthy as well as its role in bring cultures and communities together is also given.

Sports today is evidently one of the most loved social activity in the world today. Such activities are used for sending cultural messages to other members of the community. A good example is the well known culture of short distance athletic and basketball excellence marked with the American citizens. Still on the question of bringing cultures together, our modern sports are marked with diversity of players. It is here to be noted that there are so many international sporting tournaments played annually. This gives sports the advantage of bringing together different cultures. Still to be noted here is the fact that even in local competitions, the practice of buying players from other clubs or nation is an indication of how sports respects cultural diversity. Such practices are quite good for the youth generation in the community as it instill in them a sense of understanding and respecting cultural diversity (Emmert and Michael 71).

Nevertheless, it is worthy noting here that with the increased interests in sporting activities, sporting activities have been converted into a source of income for many in the society (Emmert and Michael 43). First to be cited here is the highly paid sportspeople. Second is the fact that many have invested in providing sporting related assistant for the purposes of realizing profits. However, sports still remains an entertainment for the fans and develop role models for many in the society.

There has been a culture of appreciating some sportspeople while hating others. This is quite evident from the amount of cheering one receives while in the field. It is only the best and reliable sportspeople who win the ultimate support from fans (Emmert and Michael 51). The love to be associated with a successful sportsperson is a common practice among the youths in the community. Just to be cited as example is the fact that designs attributed to a particular successful sportsperson are usually received with much appreciation in the marketplace than any other.

Modern sporting has been marked with expression of fitness and healthy living. It is evidently clear that sportspeople are currently receiving much attention due to their economic value to their nations, clubs and families. This makes them to act as messengers of concern for being fit and healthy to the youth. It is here to be noted that given the strength found with all categories of sportspeople in the society, the fitness and healthy living is a strong signal sports give to the youth (Morrow 14).

How one understands sports depends on how one views it.  From an individual or personal perspective, sports can mean a form of recreation or pastime a means of making use of idle time in other pursuits aside from work or studies such as chess for intellectuals of all ages and horseshow throwing for senior citizens.  It can also be a form of physical therapy of exercise for several such as running, cycling or even weightlifting which is guaranteed to keep one in top physical form.  If there are sports for individuals, there are also sports for teams or groups such as basketball and football which not only is a pastime or exercise, but also an opportunity to bond with friends and relatives by playing together.  For some people, sport is treated more like a game or pastime for others, it is treated as an opportunity to advance oneself or make it their way of life.  The desire for competitiveness and the drive to excel is what makes athletes give it their best, whether as individuals or as a team.  If one were to look at it from a much bigger picture, sports can also be an influencing factor in ones culture.  To excel in a sport may be an individual achievement, but to represent ones country and excelling brings not only individual honor but instills a sense of national pride in ones country as well.  Major (international) sporting events provide the opportunities for these athletes to assert their superiority and victories help validate that notion.  In almost every summer Olympic event, the United States has virtually lorded over other international competitors to the point they almost have no equal.  This speaks a lot of the culture and attitude of the average American who are aware that they are a superpower nation not only in terms of military capability or economic prosperity but in sports as well (Dyreson, 1998).
If there is one thing that these achievements help contribute to sporting culture is that it provides role models.
Sports champions, to a certain degree, become superstars in their home country.  As superstars, they are idolized by many, especially the youth who would be inspired to emulate them and someday become champions and superstars themselves.  Going back again to American sports as an example, the likes of Michael Jordan (basketball) or Michael Phelps (swimming) has had many young people wanting to follow in their footsteps.  The media is partly responsible for promoting these iconic figures as their images appear virtually everywhere from cereal boxes to lunch boxes.  Big name companies would also sign up these starts to promote their products and even acquired the license to borrow their names such as the famed Nike Air Jordan line of basketball sneakers or the Roger Federer line of tennis shoes.  These companies have successfully capitalized on the strategy of identiying with the winners and somehow established a spiritual connection of the fans with their idols through these products as if they have also acquired a part of them.
Another factor that needs to be taken into consideration is the attitude instilled in every participant.  This is first developed at the grassroots level such as sandlot baseball or playing basketball in public courts.  It is here that future champions and stars not only play to stay fit and healthy, they also develop a competitive attitude.  This attitude is not limited to competing against another player, it is also a competition against oneself.  It is that attitude of giving ones best and to excel.  In addition, there is also the nurturing of other essential values such as observing fair play, magnanimity and even a chance to exercise leadership (for team sports). In the grassroots level as well, sports also provide opportunities to bring people together like playing football in family reunions and homecoming days in high schools and colleges.  These events help instill or reaffirm a sense of loyalty or affiliation though on a smaller scale but can be applied in a much larger scale when competing in international events when cheering for the home team or first team  (Dyreson, 1998).

In individualistic societies like the United States, money is also another motivator for promoting sports.  For some of the gifted athletes, the sport is not a mere recreation or exercise, it is their life and they have invested their talents and efforts in perfecting their game.  This has led to the creation of professional sports organizations such as the National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), National Hockey League (NHL) and Major League Baseball (MLB).  Sports has also become a form of occupation for these talented athletes and this is what motivates them to be their best, not to mention well-paid.

Each country also has a chance to promote a sport that is unique to them and even attempt to export it.  If it is accepted by another, it is a sign that the sport has an appeal.  In the case of the Americans, it would be basketball and baseball which has acquired a large following in other countries.  In some European countries, it would be soccer.  From Asian countries such as China, Japan and Korea, martial arts such as wushu, karate and taekwondo which has also developed a large following worldwide.  These exported sports represent the best of what the country of origin has to offer and serves to promote it.  These sports have become so popular worldwide that international trournaments are held nearly on a regular basis that not only promotes the sport but foster friendship and cooperation among nations that no diplomat could possibly accomplish in an international summit.

In conclusion, it can be said that sports are more than just games and pastimes.  For some, it is a way of life, for others, a source of national pride and to a certain extent, a vehicle for promoting closer ties with ones neighbors whether local or global.

February 10, 2010 Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium

Introduction
 Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium is located at Capital Hill in the Washington DC. Its physical address is 2400 East Capital Street, SE, Washington, DC 20003. Stadium armory is the closet Metro station. The stadium serves as the home of the DC United in addition to being a hosting venue for music concerts, high school and college athletics and the other main events. The Washington Convention and Sports Authority are the current managers of the Robert F. Kennedy memorial stadium. The Authority also manages and owns the DC Armory, the Washington Convention Center as well as the Nationals Park and Festival grounds surrounding the stadium (Cooper, 2010).

History 
Robert F. Kennedy memorial Stadium was constructed in the year 1961 as the home ground venue for Washington Redskins, the National Football League as well as the Washington Senators, a Major League Baseball. Initially, the stadium was known as the DC Stadium but later renamed Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in the year 1969 (Cooper, 2010). Since then. several changes have taken place in the stadium regarding the teams using the stadium as the home ground. For example, in 1971, the Senators relocated to DallasFort Worth area and in the year 1996, the DC United, which was the main League football team, made the stadium their home ground. Later in 1997, the Washington Redskins left the stadium for FedEx Field situated in Prince Georges County. After thirty four years time away, baseball resumed in the DC in 2005. The Washington Nationals that had in the past been based in Montreal returned to the DC. This prompted the RFK stadium to be modified in order to contain the team. During the spring of 2008, the new National Stadium was opened (Cooper, 2010).

Stadium specifications 
Some of the details of the RFK stadium include It has a three and a half acres of natural grass field. The stadium has seven entrances for even crowd movement in addition to having club rooms for group and private affairs. The stadium is metro accessible for orange and blue lines and has an arena (open air) for extensive civic events (Chang, 2010). The stadium has a maximum capacity of 45,016 for baseball and 55,672 for football. The architects behind the work of the stadium include George Dahl from Dallas, Ewin Engineering Associates from Washington and Osborn Engineering from Cleveland. Currently the stadium is owned by the District of Columbia government under the patronage of DC Sports and Entertainment Commission. The construction of the stadium cost US  24 million (Ballparks 2008). Its physical dimensions are 60 ft (backstop), 335 ft (right field), 380 ft (right center), 408 ft (center field), 380 ft (left center) and 335 ft (left field) (Ball Parks, 2008).

Stadium Parking 
RFK Stadium has ten thousand spaces that are available in the parking lot. During the major events the packing lot fills up and public transport is often suggested. There is often a free offer for free packing by the Washington Nationals in addition to free motor-coach from and to the National Baseball Stadium. The buses operate endlessly beginning from1 12 hours prior to the game time up to 1 12 hours after the final inning (Cooper, 2010). The District Department of Transportation (DDOT) has come up with a Stadium Event parking control program in the area around the DC Armoury and RFK stadium. The regulations prevents vehicle owners without a legitimate Visitor Passes or Zone 6 parking permits from packing their vehicles on suburban streets whenever there is a event at the stadium or the DC armory. This is done to avoid any parking competition between the event goers and the residents. This is the reason why both venues are served by Metro bus and metro rail with their information being obtainable from WMATA website (District Department of Transportation, 2008).

Stadium Development 
In 2005, the Montreal Expos moved to the District in 2005 there was a feeling by many that the RFK stadium would be a temporary venue. At that time the stadium was creaky and old in addition to lacking enough facilities for player training, food preparation, premium seating and fan comfort. Finally the community came up with a  US 600 million funding plan which was mainly public financed with the aim of building a venue for a showcase team. It is this plan that gave rise to the National Park on 31st March 2008 (Sports Road Trip, 2009).

Revenue 
The stadium generates money from the charges of events that are held in the venue. For example, in 1999, the DC sports Commission used to charge the DC United US  60,000 per every season as rent. About ninety percent of the concession revenues collected also went to the DC Sports Commission (Brooke 1999). The stadium has had different tenants in different periods as follows 1962-1971, Washington Senators Redskins, 1961-1996 DC United, 1996- and Washington Nationals 2005- (Ball Parks, 2008).

Security Measures
Several measures have been placed to ensure the safety of those attending the events in the stadium. Some items that are not allowed into the stadium include containers (plastic, metal and glass), large bags, weapons, foods and drinks, professional cameras (video), whistles, pets among others. There are other strict rules that the fans must always adhere to. For example one can only get into the stadium through Gate A, B, Main, E and F and this should be 1  hours before the match begins (Bowl Committee, 2009).

Economic Impact 
In addition to the business owners who benefit from the activities that go on in the JFK stadium, the residents of DC are given more consideration when job opportunities in the stadium arise. The stadium has more than one thousand employees as supervisors grill cooks, runners, event attendants and staff as well as crowd management personnel (DDES, 2007). The RFK stadium site development will not only present an opportunity for commemorative and cultural uses that will attract visitors but will also address the needs (recreational) of the residents (National Capital Planning Commission, 2006).

Liverpool VS Everton 6022010 Barclays Premier League
Observation1st Half Tally2nd Half TallyTotalsPercentagePatternsNo of shots459Example shoot more in first half, shooting accuracy poor, etc..No of shots on target224Shoots on target were equal in both halfs.
Excellent shots from the Reds.No of shots off target235These were poor set pieces, No of shots from inside penalty area000No clear chances came the Reds way, poor ball control seemed to hinder this in the penalty boxNo of shots from outside penalty area369More chances with the shorts with most of them going wide.No of shot from strikers224Strikers had a poor accuracy on the shots they took on with more chances falling on them.No of shots from midfielders123More accuracy on the shots taken by the midfielders show more accuracyNo of shots from defenders112Great efforts from the defenders.  
         
Strength and Weakness of the Liverpool
Liverpool is known for playing on the floor and for making it very hard for teams to get on the ball this is because of their quality on the ball. The team plays its best with power strength and the work play. The Liverpool team is also strong in the air and they are able to nullify other teams play when it comes to this. One way that Liverpool gets to win their matches is through the team passing the ball on the ground and this is made possible by their style of play where there is only one holding midfielder not forgetting that they dont play to the opponents strength enabling them to take an upper hand in a match against many teams.

Weakness
There is need for the Manager Rafael Benitez to be more pro active and always field a team that is most likely to deliver a win against any one team baring in mind that a win is the most important element of a match. The midfield of the Liverpool team is weak when Lucas and Mascherano in centre midfield, this position should instead be taken by Steven Gerald alongside someone who can make a good play maker. The person should also be able to be string defensively since that does not seem to work well resulting to poor ball to feet possession for the team. One way for Liverpool regaining their winning ways is by the Manager Rafael Benitez making the right decisions since that is what he is paid for.

Improving Liverpool
Liverpool was lucky to win the match earlier in the day from the goal scored by the hardworking Dutchman Dirk Kyut. There is need to improve on the level of discipline rating from the send off, there is need to have clear tackles to reduce the chances of them being reduced to ten men.  As from the shots, there is great need for the ball control to improve to be able to achieve better and clear shots from the Liverpool side.  Shots off the target were as a result of poor ball control, had they been able to control the ball from the backside to the front lines there would have been more shots on target and possibly more goals for the Reds.
On the other hand, the need to instill security on the position of Rafael Benitez is paramount. This will result to him firing the best attack in terms of the start up line up as well as the moral support for the side. The more insecure he is on his job, the poorer the results the team is going to get, and this means that the Reds may end up slipping from the big four category and status that they have continued to thrive on.

The impact of professional athletes using steroids extends far beyond the personal lives of the professional athletes and the professional integrity of the professional sports leagues.  This is because professional athletes are public figures, because whether they like it or not they are portrayed as heroic figures and emulated by youth, and because steroid use by adolescents can lead to serious physical and psychological problems.  William C. Rhoden in a recent editorial argues that professional athletes are given a mere slap on the wrist when caught abusing steroids and that this sets a poor example for others.  His main criticism is that the professional sports leagues benefiting from these athletes continue to pretend that the steroid abuse has effectively disappeared when this is not the case.  This reaction paper will argue, built on the type of data derived from this study, that steroid use among professional athletes is a critical public health issue and that athletes and professional sports leagues should not be able to behind  assertions that enough is being done to address this public health crisis.

As an initial matter, the article clearly demonstrates that many athletes have abused steroids in order to obtain competitive advantages and that the media has profited handsomely from reporting on these scandals.  What emerges from even a cursory analysis of this trend is that fame and profits can be generated from steroids both directly and indirectly.  Professional athletes are allowed to offer too many excuses for cheating and for improperly influence impressionable youth.  Some of the stock excuses seem to be that the athlete didnt actually know he was using steroids, that he was merely compensating for an injury, or that professional athletes are paid to perform and not as role models.  These are all rather disingenuous defenses, or excuses, and they all skirt and thereby attempt to evade the fundamental issue.  The fundamental issue is cheating in a manner that is unethical, unhealthy, and that can possibly lead to negative psychological effects.  A tax cheat is not suspended from work for sixty days a tax cheat is indicted, afforded a trial, and sentenced to prison if found guilt.  Athletes using steroids are taking the money of fans and spectators under false pretenses this is, quite literally, a form of financial fraud.  The sale of tickets and the sale of merchandise, largely motivated by an appeal to the future aspirations of impressionable youth whom adore their sports heroes, are never refunded as a result of this type of fraud.  Fraud in sports is granted an exception from the normal principles of American criminal law for some reason.  The apparent reason is that the act of taking steroids only harms the athletes and the reputation of their teams and the sports leagues.  As this scholarly article demonstrates, however, the harm is much more widespread and the athletes and the professional franchises and leagues should be held accountable.

There is an additional troubling issue which is only indirectly alluded to in the scholarly article.  More precisely, the article implicitly notes the connection between mass media treatment of professional athletes using steroids for a competitive advantage and the influence on high school students.  This is important, if not mentioned enough, because high school boys may seek to use steroids simply to look stronger and more athletic without actually wanting to gain a competitive sports advantage.  This is a type of spill-over effect that can flow from the soft treatment given to professional steroid users.  The steroid issue therefore has much broader impacts than those specifically studied in the scholarly article.

In the final analysis, this article clearly demonstrates that both the use of steroids by professional athletes and the ways the mass media sensationalizes these scandals negatively impacts adolescent understanding of steroids and their decision-making processes meanwhile, Barry Bonds is probably sailing in his multimillion dollar yacht, Mark McGuire has been hired as a coach for the St. Louis Cardinal, and Alex Rodriquez is making more than twenty million dollars a year despite his admissions regarding steroid use.  Responsibility needs to be taken away from professional sports leagues, which have economic conflicts of interest, and this type of fraud and drug use needs to be treated in the same way as other frauds and drug crimes.  The youth deserve more than slaps on the wrist.