Sport

Sports basically highlight the skills and talents of an athlete. Spectators generally watch games as a venue for competition wherein the athletes act as skilled players who execute the mechanics of a particular game in a well-organized manner. Athletes may be viewed here as mere players following the rules being dictated by a particular sport. Although that may sound inappropriate, it should not be offensive to athletes because they are really players who showcase exemplary talents in their fields.

However, the bigger issue in sports is the sexuality and sexualization of the athletes (Davis 57). Sexuality may pose problems at times especially when people try to generalize a particular sport as either masculine or feminine. For example, boxing is commonly known as a masculine sport wherein most of the boxers are males who can withstand the ruggedness of the game, while cheerleading may be associated as a feminine one because of the stereotype that most cheerleaders are females. Although a sport being regarded as masculine or feminine is not too much of an issue here, there is still a clear distinction as to who can participate in a given game or tournament. For example, male and female basketball players are separated in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA). In cases where male and female athletes can play and compete side by side, a special category is made up, as in the case of the mixed doubles event in a tennis tournament.

Now, the sexualization of athletes is another issue that needs to be given emphasis. Sexualization of an athlete may be defined as making an athlete a sexual object or attributing his or her movements, uniform or body (whether a part or the whole) as something sexual to titillate the viewer (Davis 57). Both male and female athletes are subject to this kind of objectification. They are being reduced to mere sexual objects that no longer embody their beings as athletes (Davis 58). In this case, their skills and talents are being overlooked.

Female athletes are the usual victims of this practice. When the spectators focus shifts from the main context of the sport to the athletes body as something that is titillating, the athlete is reduced to a mere sexual object. This could occur on the venue of the game, through a television broadcast, or even in photographs (Davis 57). Athletes then suffer the consequences of being ridiculed by people and losing their respect (McLeod 65).

In the case of Canadian skier Emily Brydons image in a photograph while celebrating a world cup victory, she definitely counts as an athlete being sexualized. At first glance, the photograph may appear ordinary as it shows an athlete celebrating a victory by popping a bottle of champagne. However, a closer look at the image could titillate a spectator as the photograph displays a female depicting something sexual. The effect of the champagne spilling around Brydons mouth has the appearance of a male orgasm being enjoyed by a female. The image diverts the spectators attention from the victory celebration of Brydon to a sexual titillation as suggested by the portrayal of male orgasm being depicted by the champagne and the athlete. Although it may not be intentional, the portrayal of something sexual is given more emphasis in the said photograph (McLeod 65).

Emily Brydon may now suffer the consequences of being the subject of ridicule and losing respect from others by way of sexualizing the image (McLeod 65, 79). Suddenly, there is a shift of perception of Brydon from being an athlete to being a sexual object. She should be considered as a competent athlete because of her achievement in her sport however, the common notion of transforming females into sex objects resurfaces. Again, although maybe not intentional on the part of the photographer to capture the said image as something sexual, it is still the objectification of female athletes by spectators that reduces her to a sexual object. The issues on both sexuality and sexualization of athletes, specifically the female athletes, pose problems to Emily Brydon. It was not her choice, nor was it a deliberate act, to be reduced to a mere sexual object. It is the societys behavior that generated it.

Over two and a half centuries after the Declaration of Independence which saw the birth of what is the current United States of America Native Americans are still marginalized when it comes to education and employment. Formal Education for Indians goes a long way back in the 1800s when Native American children were forced into the education system and integrated into the mainstream modern American way of life. The funding of education for Indian schools by the Federal government in many states has been very inconsistent, owing to the relations between the federal government and the Native American ethnic governments. According to the National Advisory Council on Indian Education annual report 2005-2006, Native American children perform weakly in arithmetic and reading subjects.

Among the key reasons to improve Native American education is to push for an increase in funding for institutions providing for Indian natives needs. According to Indian Country Today, HYPERLINK httpindian.senate.gov t _blankSenate Committee on Indian Affairs Chairman Byron Dorgan supports the idea of a stand-alone Indian education bill, and so do many tribal leaders. On January 20, Rep. Betty McCollum introduced bipartisan legislation to address the lack of stimulus funding reaching Bureau of Indian Education schools in her state and across the country (Capriccioso, 2010).The Child Left behind Act of 2001 requires states to develop assessments in basic skills to be given to all students in certain grades, if those states are to receive federal funding for schools. . This act directly associates high level of education standards with federal funding.

Female dopers, according to Lock, portray a great risk to the prevailing social order as compared to men (p, 112). Even though females may use drugs they may fail to show masculinity as men would. However, as Lock states these drugs have adverse effects on conventional femininity (p, 112). People usually hate women dopers as this practice is associated with the impacts of becoming masculine. The media treats masculine female dopers more harshly as compared to male dopers and some female dopers who are not masculine (Lock p, 112). Females who do not conform to the rules of femininity are criticized in a similar manner to those disgraced as lesbians. However, as Lock argues, these insults contradict themselves when it comes to considering those women who even after doping maintain conventional femininity as stated by (p, 113). By considering sexuality, a more complex comprehension of the social order that filters through sports can be developed. It can therefore be decided that, Doping ban in elite sport legitimates heterosexuality and demonizes lesbianism.

Doping in sports
Anti-dopers who mainly promote aesthetic values are also anti-lesbianism in nature. They advocate for aesthetic performances of obligatory heterosexuality. The way masculine females who do not cheat are treated is the way female dopers are treated. Lesbians and female dopers are treated in an almost similar manner.  Sexuality is interpreted in terms of appearance (Lock p, 114). Women who do not portray feminine figures are insulted and despised. All insults are directed to women who do not have an appropriate gender appearance. They are treated as lesbians simply due to lack of femininity. Masculine men and feminine females are taken to be desirable. People, who are masculine yet biologically female, as stated by Lock, are taken to be undesirable (p, 115). Gender is however a social construction related to ones sex, but not caused by it in any way. Sexuality is without doubt involved in the development as well as maintenance of gender. Women who portray conventional femininity are not taken as lesbians, but as heterosexuals. People only wonder whether a woman is lesbian when she fails to display feminine features (Lock p, 115).

Concerning doping and sports women are portrayed as restrained in to conventional femininity by the need to be heterosexually desirable so as to be equal competitors. The term lesbian finds its use while describing sportswomen who are masculine. Lock argues that women who do not meet the requirements of conventional femininity are given all sorts of disgusting names (p, 116). Many people hate doping because it leads to development of non-heterosexually feminine females. Anti-doping campaigns spread the message that dopers will end up having bodies of the opposite sex (Lock p, 117). Doping, according to anti-doping campaigners, disrupts the body in terms of roles and appearance. According to Lock, they state that if a person wants a healthy sex life, which is specifically described in heterosexual terms, heshe should do away with doping (p, 119). Protection of ones gender from the impact of drugs is considered to safeguard the logical association between the bodys anatomy and heterosexuality. Doping ban therefore play a major role of preventing transgression of socially developed gender boundaries. Part of social context through which male and female with sport like bodies are judged is characterized by heterosexuality as a persons genders expression. Lock states that women who are masculine, yet do not dope, are considered to have transgressed the boundaries of a real feminine performance (p, 119). Transgressing the norms of social femininity leads to social rejection. Women dopers are regarded as a threat to male superiority. They are insulted and regarded as being ugly or more man like. They are defined as lesbians, a term that questions the authenticity of a woman. Lesbians are highly disliked in sports. The significant crime, as stated by Lock, that female dopers perform is not doping, but failing to display heterosexual femininity (p, 123). In line with this, women who are not dopers, but display masculine features are insulted the same way female dopers who become masculine are.

Conclusion
Doping bans without doubt legitimates heterosexuality while demonizing lesbianism. Women who do not portray feminine figures are insulted, despised and taken to be lesbians. They are taken to be more man like and ugly. On the other hand, women who portray conventional femininity, and yet dope, are not taken as lesbians. However, women who are not dopers, but display masculine features are insulted the same way female dopers who become masculine and lesbians are. Doping ban play a major role of preventing transgression of socially developed gender boundaries. Transgressing heterosexual norms leads to social rejection. Protection of ones gender from the impact of drugs is considered to safeguard the logical association between the bodys anatomy and heterosexuality.

Surfing has been a subject of study for a long time. It has been observed that surfing is endeared by a group of people who are closely bonded and show shared similar characteristics. Sociologist have closely studied surfing and documented evidence shows that it is a subculture that has closely shared characteristics (Kotler, 2006).  The number of surfers in United States has continued to grow along the beaches, mostly in Hawaii and other beaches in California and Florida. Surfers have been shown to represent diverse culture mainly based on the way they ride the wave.  In addition, the purpose for surfing is also different. There are those who surf for recreation purpose while for others, it is focus of their lives (Flit, 1999). As a result, surfing has not grown to a multibillion industry. It supports different sectors like manufacturing of surfing boards, clothing and fashion, foods and drinks, and many others.  There are many people who make career riding waves in the beaches.

There are volumes of literature that looks into surfing as a subculture. However, this paper will focus on work of Butts on understanding surfers motivation. He argues that if surfing is to be understood as a sociological phenomenon not only must the sub-culture and its motivations be understood, but the activity itself (Butts, 2010). This statement can realized through a review of Butts work, from the methodology he employed to the results of the study.   The main aim of Butts study was to understand surfers motive and the reasons why they get so endeared to their activities. His study was based on the presumption that is surfing was to be understood as sport-related subculture, then its motivations must be understood and also the activity itself has to be closely understood.

In his work, Butts emphasized on three main principles. First, his study was based on the case study of Florida surfers which is a little researched activity. Second, his study was aimed at documenting evidence that could be used for comparison with other findings in the world.  Although there have been many studies on surfing in Florida, little is known about elements that define the culture of surfers. There is little knowledge on why surfers have developed those elements.  Third, he shows that for one to effectively study and understand surfing, one has to become an active participant. Therefore, to understand elements of surfing subculture, he had to become one of surfers and in the course of interaction learn different elements and why they have developed.

Steven Butts was interested in Florida for a number of reasons.  More than in other beaches, surfing in Florida forms distinctive subculture that is maintained by only individuals who have learned and mastered the art of surfing. Although Florida is not known to have consistent waves in the world, it supports a large surfing community   which appears to have different subcultures.  Therefore, Butts was interested in finding out why Florida, though not having constituent waves, has supported large number surfers. He wanted to understand factors that motivates surfers and rules that government the system.

As Butts had outlined, to understand surfing, one has to become participants. Although his methodology was based on case study of Florida, he had to become a surfer and join those groups in order to understand their motivation. Therefore, he moved to Florida and for five years, he conducted formal and informal interviews, participant-observation and participated in different surfing activities. Almost all his informants were while males.

From his study, Butts reported that the two main motivation factors why individual engage in surfing is for personal satisfaction and to get a sense of belonging to a group. All surfers showed that they had a particular feeling which they could not explain but which they attained when they were surfing together, a feeling they never felt when in company of non-surfers (Hull, 1976).  This feeling of satisfaction satisfies their mind and they get psychological satisfaction. Even when waves were poor quality and surfers could not ride, they felt satisfaction being together and at no one time did they regret.  Essentially, through is personal experience as a part of the surfers, Butts was in a position to understand surfing subculture and the abstract notion of feelings that most surfers could not express.

From the study, Butts showed that becoming a surfer does not end with acquisition of a surfing board. He argued that there are other equipments that are required including leash, baggies, wax, and wetsuit. However, acquisition of all these equipments does not make one a surfer. One has to learn skills and basic language that is used by surfers to communicate. Learning skills and surfing language is a long and arduous process (Friendman, 2008 Ancey, 2009 Golon, 2010).  Butts also presents surfing as a difficult activity to learn that requires a lot of endurances. He acknowledges that only those who are willing to lick become surfer. One has to endure being smacked, drilling, or tossed around by powerful waves to become a competent surfer. This is a difficult and painful experience that requires endurance.

Butts also showed that surfing has written down rules that are supposed to govern relationship between surfers. For example, rules clearly define the extent to which novice can surf into the sea.  These rules also govern instances where two or more surfers are going for the same wave. Rule stipulate that when two or more surfers go for the same wave in the same direction,  the one who is near the peak of the wave, which is the most powerful part of the wave, can lay claim to the wave and others are supposed to back off. Snaking defines the act of taking a wave in front of another surfer. Snaking rule is applied among the surfers as it can cause outrage. Rules also stipulate that surfers should be quiet while in the water. Those who yell while surfing are labeled as kook. They can talk to each other but the level of conversation is usually kept low (Geeslin and Mathison, 1986 Lueras, 1984). Apparently this is meant to ensure that silence is maintained and new coming waves can be closely observed. Surfers also like to maintain good moment of surfing with close friends and with not outsiders (McPherson, Curtis and Loy, 1989). However, due to increase in number of surfers, pack mentality is becoming common.

Butts argued that most surfers are addicted to surfing.  From the research, he showed that most surfers are not only attracted by are addicted to surfing through their first ride.  He equates surfing to smoking where once started, it becomes difficult to quit. They never anything that can substitute their experience. Surfers are always stoked while surfing. This means that since surfing requires endurance, speed, and strength, surfers must have a high level of emotional arousal. Surfers argue that hey fee a sense of peace and tranquility while riding on waves making them have sense of time distorted, which is an uncommon experience in sports (Friendman, 2008). In short, surfers experience rapidly changing emotional states which perhaps can be used to explain their addiction to surfing.

Butts pointed out that there are many risk associated with surfing. Due to addiction, surfers are like to miss work taking on sick leave or cancel important events. There is also the risk of sharks which are common in Florida beach. However, surfers do not seek these risks and are ready to take the risk for pleasure. Perhaps it is the process of becoming a surfer that helps them overcome this process. Novices undergo the socialization process through which they acquire surfers identity. Butts work clearly proves that surfing subculture exist.

I agree with Butts statement that surfing is to be understood as a sociological phenomenon not only must the sub-culture and its motivations be understood, but the activity itself (Butts, 2010). From his work and work of others, it is evident that surfing subculture exists.  The best way to understand the elements of a subculture is to become a part of it and from within learn the elements.  His work has clearly showed that to understand surfing, it has to be taken as a subculture and he has proved that surfing subculture exist in Florida.

Abstract
After undertaking my emergency first response, primary and secondary care course with AED, I entered the market with zeal and energy, yet with utter consciousness that the task ahead was not only challenging and recreational but it was risky too. During the cause we attained experience in responding to life-threatening emergencies. Similarly I had a chance to be introduced to general primary care through knowledge, realistic scenario and skills. This builds a lot of confidence in me and I developed an ability to provide any care whenever any emergency arose.

It need be also mentioned that rescue diving does not necessarily refer such activities as those related to victims of risk. However rescue diving is also taken as a sport. In recreational diving the necessity of the salvage and the remoteness of lunge sites mean that trained rescuers rarely get involved in diver rescues. Subsequently other divers on the scene become rescuers. During training both the two elements of diving are handled concurrently. Where the rescue involves a number of people, coordination is tidal in ensuring that the rescue is faster and effectively administered. Some agencies offer courses that are meant to prepare the divers for such recreational purposes.

Experiences as Rescuer Diver
In 2008 I was offered a job as a voluntary rescue diver at Northern Samar in the United Kingdom. At this point I was highly charged and wanted to feel the real taste of the diving skills I and interacted with at college. On the early morning of 13 March 2008, Jameson, my director made a call at an unusual time. It was at 5.30 pm UK time. I got out of my bed changed very fast and harried to his office. At the office it was unusually crowded and I smelled a rat. Something has gone amiss, I said to myself as I trotted in.

He looked at me and pointed a finger at the other door, change very fast, he said as I moved fast to the door to change. Once I had changed I came back to the office. Rush to the beach, there is an emergency, take all the necessary precautions, he added. I moved out swiftly. I knew time had come for me to practice what I had acquired in class back in Saudi.

On my way I tried to recollect the procedure. It was hard particularly now that I had not known the type of emergence that was before me. At the beach, Hoover was in command. Make reference to your manuals, Hoover commanded. Everybody turned to their manuals. I had not carried one. Hi David, the manual, he implored. Everyone turned to look at me. I did not carry one, I said. He looked at me sternly. Jeff came to my rescue. We shared the manual.

He appears to be trapped somewhere. Hoover added.

Everybody turned to the manual.

We were staring at the manuals in a splash second

Locating the Casualty
It is sometimes difficult to locate the casualty under water. This could happen in low visibility situations. This could be in currents or in enclosed spaces such as shipwrecks and caves. Sometimes it happens where the dive is not using breather that do not releases a sufficient bubbles that could be identified from the surface. In cases of this magnitude we were expected to use surface marker buoys, distance lines, diving shots strobe lights and light sticks to indicate the spot of the victim to the surface. In operations of this nature we were advised to approach it with a lot of caution. Distance lines were used to mark the exit point which may be required when the diver has his bubbles and fins dislodged. Jackstay search and circular searches were used in such cases though they needed practice and proper preparations so as to be used effectively.

Has everybody gone thought the manual

Everybody nodded
David has to carry out this minor rescue.

Minor, I thought. He had just used the word minor. What did he mean Was this rescue that easy my heart was throbbing. I had not done it before except during learning. This was a really encounter. Definitely once I am beside the casualty I will need to rescue him from wherever he is trapped. That is if Hoovers prediction was right. I read through the manual, ready to get into action. I also read through providing emergence gas and how I would bring the casualty to the surface.

Freeing a trapped casualty
Divers are sometimes trapped in fishing net. However the monofilaments are not visible under water. Some ropes found in water can also prove quite unsafe for divers. Divers may also find themselves in tight points were their equipments can not pass (U S water rescue diving). Subsequently, they may just be trapped. To avert this divers are expected to carry a knife which can be used to dislodge this traps. Similarly lifting bags are also carried and they can be used in assisting to move any heavy objects that are under water.

I transferred to Mexico in March and was put in charge of a slim platoon of 8 divers. At that office challenges were abound and I was answerable directly to the chief officer in charge of emergency operations. I reported to him every Monday Wednesday and Friday. On all my visits I presented a report on the goings-on and had a professional discussion briefly before he give directions if there were any.  Presumably the chief officer was apprehensive of my performance was very cordial in his approach to me.

In May the chief officer was transferred and a new officer was put in charge. I was still directly reporting to her. She was very strict with substantive professional experience and treated all the platoon heads with utmost decorum. However, one could not read her moods as easily as the former chief in charge. On your first interaction with her she appeared so intimated with you. Yet we later learnt that that was her nature of handling subordinates.

Miss Mitchell was no nonsense, yet on her face you could not read this. Occasionally she spent most of her time relaxing with the platoons at the beach reading novels particularly by Grisham. On such occasions she would excitedly share her experiences plausible experience. From the sharing one would always realize that she had a wealth of experience. Time and again miss Mitchell crack a joke but in a very pensive manner. She offered the best of the bosses on first interaction and at face value.

Since the 2008 episodes there had been minor accidents. However in winter challenges were abound and I almost took off from the profession I had utterly revered. That day I captured the least sleep. This was just of the worst day that was in the offing. It was June 26th 2009. I rolled again and again in my bed without getting a wink. At 0646hours my phone rung and suddenly went off. I had just forgotten to charge the phone. I hurriedly woke up and took the phone to have it charged. I was very nervous. Who could it be Pensively, I thought to myself as I fitted the charger. Once I had fixed the charger, I switched on the phone. It was Miss Mitchell who was trying to call.

Why this time I thought, an emergence.
It was unusual for Miss Mitchell to call me at this time of the morning. Within me, there was a strong feeling of quilt. Definitely, she should have been feeling that I had switched off the phone. I went to the bathroom to have a bath. The water was quite cold very cold. After making a few tries I managed to shower. Back in the bedroom and I had five missed calls. I checked the missed calls. They were from Madam Mitchell Indeed the calls should have infuriated her. First the phone went off, and then unanswered calls. I become nervous. I dressed up hurriedly. I went to the kitchen to make a cup of coffee. Back in the bedroom three more missed calls. Ridiculously from miss Mitchell I had to forego the coffee and leave hurriedly.

On my way out, another call, Madam Mitchell, I hesitated but realized this would be aggravating the whole issue. I received the call. She gave straight commands that I rash to the office.

I drove to the office relatively fast and was in such suspense that I would not waste a single minute to meet Madam Mitchell. I entered her office and the mood was relatively tense. She was pacing. When she saw me she took her position. I tried to read on her face what was happening to the least avail.

After questioning the morning episode she went direct to the point.
Five people may have drowned at the beach. Eight minutes ago. She said, at the time I was calling you, there were very powerful waves at the beach and had been called to make all platoon alert. Has happened, let us leave. She finished and was immediately on her way out.

We were at the beach within 2 minutes and it was all systems go. I changed in to the d rescue gear and swung into operation the members of my platoon were already on the ground. The rescue was not as complicated but what made the day worth space in this discourse was the rescue of one the rescue crew from platoon Six. My platoon was Number Three.  Apparently, the rescuer had fallen short of gas. I went back to my manual and within a short time there were concerted efforts to ensure we save the rescuer.

Provisions of Emergency Gas
Diving accidents are largely caused by shortage of gas. This would be brought about as a result of failure to close monitor the consumption of the gas on the content pressure gauge. Besides, divers may just underestimate the quantity of gas required for ascension and decompression points.  If the diver goes too deep them there is a high likelihood that the gas would just fall short. Besides, the shortage would be caused by excessive psychological stress or over exercising (Point Pleasant Rescue Dive Team). Similarly, if the equipment fails as a result of leaking in the gas bag it can lead to the gas being insufficient leading to an imminent shortage of gas.

Bringing Casualties to the Surface
Where a casualty has run out of gas and is utilizing the gas directly from the rescuer there is need to make sure the casualty and the rescuer remain close to each other. Besides, the rescues may be complicated further by the fact that the casualty may just become quite buoyant. In the event that this happens, the buoyancy devices can expand and provide buoyancy. If the casualty can not ascent due to injury then a controlled buoyant lifts are utilized in the ascent. Further if the casualty is not buoyant enough, one explores the likelihood of inflating the victims buoyancy compressor by lifting of the seabed and venting it to effect a controlled ascent.  

Making Casualties Buoyant On the Surface
Once the casualty is relatively safe on the surface, it is of import that we ensure the casualty does not descend again. To make the victim buoyant, buoyant compressors are inflated. Ideally this is a routine surfacing drill in training in most schemes. One is advised not to rely on the gas in the dry suit. This is because this may sometimes cause the legs of the victim more buoyant, it may subsequently result into mobility troubles. It need be mentioned that divers who have almost run out of air may not be able inflate the compressor using the simple and normal technique of pressing the jab valve. When such difficulties are encountered then integrated gas can come in handy for use.

Within Water Artificial Ventilation
In cases where the casualty is not able to breath, it is worth to restart respiration by artificial ventilation at the surface of water (Rescue diver primary and secondary experiences). The principle working properties of Artificial Ventilation is that first the rescuer and the casualty remains buoyant. The two should remain side by side. Further the rescuer can inhale some air into the casualty to ensure the casualtys lungs are filled with gas.

Attracting Assistance and Support
At this point in the rescue urgent help is required. More often, the only person that can offer that help is nearby boat user or people at shore. Unless the crisis facilities are very near or the rescue is outside the capacity of the available rescuers, they will not be on the scene fast enough to be avail the needed help. Commonly, with a small set of rescuers the disaster services would only be contacted if the likelihood of reaching the casualty out of water has taken place.

Often the rescue can be made fast by bring the boat to the casualty instead of the rescuer towing the casualty to safety. Once on the surface the chance of being salvaged are always very high. Communication for the sake of the rescue can be quite effective once the victim is on the surface.

Towing Of the Casualty
In cases where the casualty is incapacitated assistance would be required to tow the casualty to a safer place. However if we tow the casualty it could consume quite some time. This is particularly challenging where the waters are quite rough. Ultimately, it is more advisable to use a boat than to tow the casualty to safety. An alternative would be the use of ropes that can be used to drag the two to safety.

Getting the Casualty Out Of Water
Immediately lifting the casualty out of the water is a considerable problem particularly where the rescuers are fewer, or in a rough sea, or where the positioning is beyond the reach of the boat. In such cases, ropes can be used to lift the casualty and the rescuer. The use of the rope may be dangerous and should be used with a lot of caution. It may cause complications such as asphyxia particularly if the rope tightens and interferes with the breathing system. The rope should, when possible be doubled to increases the contact surface to avoid high lifting pressure being exerted on the neck of the casualty.

Provision of Requisite First Aid
Once the casualty has been safely taken out of water, before the casualty is rushed to the hospital for further treatment there is need for offering first aid. When the casualty is not able to breathe artificial respiration is required forthwith (Point Pleasant Rescue Dive Team). This should be continued until the casualty is resuscitated. This should be prompt to increases the chances of survival of the casualty. If there are not signs of circulation, there may be the need for compression of the chest. In cases where there are sufficient resources the casualty can be airlifted for specialized medical attention.

Rescue Precautions
As much as the life of the casualty is of great importance, the rescuer should not take much risk. Rescuing the both the casualty and the rescuer may just pose a double tragedy. Besides, if the rescuer is at risk it jeopardizes the likelihood of salvaging the casualty.  

Conscious victims may be terrified and put the rescuers life at equal risk. This is common in cases where the rescuer is approaching the victim under water. It is possible to shun reaching a panicking victim by the rescuers who throws a rope. This would be as good as encouraging the victim to take care of themselves. Where contact has to be made, an approach should be done from a point with the least risk, particularly from behind. Another option with the least feasibility would be waiting until the casualty is incapable of doing anything before approaching the casualty.

This discussion has not captured all the rescue operations and the few mentioned were to simply provide an overview of application of the skills acquired at the college. The table below shows all rescue operation through my work experience.

Table of Experiences as a Rescue Diver
Having given an overview of what may course imputed in me I wish to give a brief of my experience thereof as a rescue diver.

DatePlace Role played.Nature of rescue operationComments2nd Mar. 08United KingdomVolunteer rescuerProvision of emergence gas.

A victim who was using a leaking gas cylinder happened to be stranded in the beach. The boy was 12 years. I saved the boy single-handedly Very successful17th Mar. 08United KingdomVolunteer rescuerFreeing a trapped casualty

A visiting tourist was trapped in the rock under water. The tourist was noted after we realized the bubbles were coming from a constant point. I managed to save the tourist after frantic efforts I was injured in my left foot.Successful amid challenges1st Apr. 08 United KingdomVolunteer rescuerSport diver broke a neck born while diving in the far off water.

Because of the buoyancy problem we had to work with Brett to save the casualty. The casualty was saved but totally lost the neck born. Could on use a support to have the neck upright. Successful amid challenges2nd Apr. 08 United KingdomRecruit rescuer  Getting casualty out of water.

A casualty was stuck in the beach and passed on. We had to have the body out of the beach. This was my first experience with a dead case.Tedious but successful

2nd Sept. 08Indonesia Employee Sport diver broke the limb born while diving in the far off water.
We worked as a pair Garson to save the casualty. The casualty was saved but totally lost the neck born. Could on use a support to have the neck upright. The victim was rushed to hospital 3rd Dec. 08Indonesia Employee First aid for the casualty

The casualty made his way to the banks of the beach but was short of breath we have to resuscitate him. We resuscitate him and rushed him to hospitalCasualty regained good health12th Jan. 09 Indonesia Employee Provision of emergence gas.

The casualty overused the reserve gas and ran short of breathing gas. We had to drag him out of the deep waters as we provided gas to sustain him to the bank.Tedious but successful

13 May 09Mexico Employee A casualty was trapped after using most of the gas. The tourist was noted after we realized the bubbles were coming from a constant point. I managed to save the tourist after frantic efforts I was injured in my left foot.The victim was rushed to hospital 10th Jun. 09Mexico Head of platoon A boat sunk with several occupants aboard. I had to ensure that everything was timely done to ensure that all the casualties were saved. Mine was to supervise the members of the platoon  Most casualties were saved except one who passed away at the hospital26th Jun. 09 Mexico Head of platoonRescue of a rescuer
Together with madam Mitchell after having securely saved the members who were aboard a boat, it was realized that one of the rescuers from platoon six had been trapped in the deep waters. We had to make all possible efforts to save himSuccessful at start but quite challenging when it came to saving the rescuer, need for refresher course was seen

From the table it is clear that the challenges in the field of rescuer diving are very many. However the preludes of the course coverage that have been mentioned here offer many options for solving the challenges. I look forward meeting even greater challenges to tickle my underlying capabilities.

History has recorded numerous upright and well-known people around the world. However, only few of these great people have openly dedicated their lives and riches for the enhancement of mankind. One of these distinctive people who remarkably earned my admiration is Andrew Carnegie.

Biographical Information
Andrew Carnegie was born on November 25, 1835 in Dunfermline, Scotland. Andrew was the first son of William Carnegie, a linen weaver, and of Margaret Carnegie. Due to economic depression, Andrews family was forced to migrate to the United States in 1848 where he and his family joined a Scottish settlement at Allegheny, Pennsylvania. At the age of 13, Andrew worked in a cotton factory in Allegheny as a bobbin boy. Eventually, he worked as a messenger boy, telegraph operator, and then in a series of positions in the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Although Andrew attended night school, it was his interest in reading books from a local library that primarily provided his education while he was working.

The Multi-Millionaire
Andrew Carnegie is known for his success in the steel industry. While still working at the Railroad, Andrew intelligently invested in a number of promising ventures, particularly in small iron factories and mills. However, he made the first of his many business investments in an emerging company that built railway sleeping cars. In time, Andrew stretched his business endeavors by investing in companies that built rails, locomotives and bridges, the most significant of which took place in 1865, when he invested and organized the Keystone Bridge Company. In the end, the steel company of Andrew had exceptionally prospered to the point that by the time he sold his company to J. P. Morgan in 1901, it was already valued at approximately 400 million. With his enormous amount of personal fortune, Carnegie generously established a trust fund dedicated for the enhancement of mankind.

Philanthropic Works
The philanthropic career of Andrew Carnegie began around 1870. He believes that rich people are simply trustees of their riches and are under a moral obligation to share it out in manners that uphold the happiness and welfare of the common people. In view of this, Andrew carried out numerous generous works, most of which were primarily focused on providing free public libraries to local residents. Carnegie donated his first library building to the citizens of Dunfemline, Scotland, which was followed by several other donations to 2,509 English-speaking communities all over the world. In 1901, when Carnegie retired from business, he further distributed his fortune to the constructions of additional libraries. His interest in music has likewise encouraged him to fund the constructions of numerous church organs. In addition, Andrew donated a large amount of money for the establishment of several schools and colleges, the most prominent of which are Washingtons Carnegie Institution and Carnegie Institute, and Pittsburghs Carnegie Institute, as well as nonprofit associations and organizations both in Scotland and in the United States. By the time of Andrews death in 1919, his liberal donations amounted to more than 350 million, aside from the 125 million he donated to the institutions and trusts that he endowed to carry on his good works.

Conclusion
Without a doubt, Andrew Carnegie is not only one of the most prominent leaders of industry during the second half of 19th and first half of 20th centuries, but also a person that has significantly affected several lives. Because Andrew believes that a person who dies wealthy dies disgraced, he devoted a large portion of his life to extensive philanthropic works. He gratuitously distributed a large portion of his wealth for purposes of public interest and educational and social advancement. As a result, he significantly helped to improve the conditions of working-class life. Andrew Carnegie is beyond doubt a Christian humanitarian with adequate insatiability to search wealth while remaining to be a person with extraordinary moral and ethics that is worthy of admiration.

Ben and Jerry are American business partners who were high school buddies and after trying varied stints at various locations they moved to Vermont where they started what became to be known as Ben  Jerrys, a home-made ice cream vending company they started by converting a gas station into an ice cream parlor.

Among what the legend highlights, they attained their ice cream making knowledge on the strength of a 5 correspondence course that taught them how to make ice cream and their initial investment was 12,000 out of which 4000 was borrowed.  In addition, the two company founding friends had a reputation for being socially committed as witnessed by some of the social causes they embraced and were able to introduce an open and relaxed work environment.  The business they started expanded and in five ears time was able to attain a revenue of 58 million from 4 million, as they had thoroughly discussed in their book (Cohen and Greenfield, 1997).  The company went public and in around 1991 its gross earning had made it to around 100 million showing that they were enjoying unprecedented success rate for a company that was selling home-made ice cream delivered to neighborhood shops by one of the owners (Redder, 1994).

The company had also managed to expand into Europe, although it started to suffer financial setback at around the year 1994 despite the fact that its gross sales had reached 150 million.  In 1995, the company brought in a new CEO who was able to raise the gross sales to 237 million despite the fact the net income was low at 3.4 million.  In January 2000 there was a speculation that a few multinationals had shown interest to take over the ailing company whose owners had made it public that they intend to sell the company, because it seems that the nature of the competition that was coming from major players in the ice cream business such as Haagen Dazs and the deteriorating business relation they were having with some of their partners (Smalley, 19997) had become more than they can handle. One of the multinationals that offered a takeover bid among a few was Unilever a conglomerate that has it headquarters in London and eventually it was able to acquire the company by beating the other bidders.  The following section will discuss how a company known for its social involvement and commitment had adjusted its renowned Ben  Jerrys mission and its popular brand name by being a part of Unilever.

Iconic Status of Ben  Jerry
Ben  Jerrys had an iconic status because of the social role it was playing that enabled it to grow into a socially responsible company that was lauded by Bitman (1990) as the caring capitalism.  If there was something onlookers were worried about when the news that Unilever was about to acquire the company became official was that it will lose the iconic status the company was enjoying that it had attained by long term involvement in the community it was selling its various products in, by focusing on improving the lives of people.  Many outside sources had concluded that Unilever will go soft on the Ben  Jerrys social mission, although in order to defy such skepticism and to show that it also gets involved in community affairs, the company had to earmark 5 million to save family farms to continue with the legend of good social and economic policy.

While the owners were in charge of the company they started a foundation that was receiving 7.5 of the companys pre-tax profit and the money will find its way to organizations such as Anti Displacement Project and others.  This is in addition to some of the stands the owners were taking such as supporting small-scale farming, not buying milk with iBGH, and they had gone as far criticizing the US governments spending policy by claiming that more money is spent on nuclear weapons than programs that tend to childrens health care, social stands that had enabled the ice cream vending company to do a successful business (Solomon, 1999).  Amid the takeover frenzy, one the founders of the company Ben Cohen was trying to bring together investors that he believed were socially responsible (Hall, 2005).  In spite of such efforts, Unilever was able to acquire Ben  Jerrys in the year 2000 by purchasing the company outright by paying 43.60 a share.

Unilever
Unilever as a leading European multinational company has interest in food industries, in addition to home and personal care products.  The core products the company brings into the market includes tea, culinary, ice cream, skin care, deodorant with known brand names such as Dove, Lux, Lipton, Magnum, as well as Calvin Klein that are on sale around the world.  The number of employees under the wing of the company that operates in 150 countries was estimated 246,000 in 1999.  Unilever also had suffered a setback as its sale that was at 31.5 billion had slipped to 27 billion in 1999 that had made it look toward boosting its growth.  In order to accomplish that the company was able to identify which were its most successful businesses based on their ability to generate a sizeable market share, so that it will concentrate its RD effort on them.  In light of that, 400 businesses deemed to be successful had been identified and in addition to RD, their marketing and human resources departments had become major areas that needed enhancing with the hope that the measures taken would restructure under-performing businesses that required a reduction of 25,000 jobs over a five-year period.  In all this, the company had two declared priorities worth highlighting developing e-business capabilities with the aim to improve the method of communicating the various brands to customer so that they will have a better understanding, and creating a world-class supply chain that have their anchors at 150 key sites around the globe that might lead to bring the number of manufacturing plants closed to 100.  When it comes to financial performance the company measures the effectiveness by regions it is operating in and products category it carries.  Based on that the best region the company fared in was Europe with earmarked sales of 12.4 billion and among products, personal care was the best performer at 7 billion.

The company that had acquired a company that has an iconic status because of its social involvement and commitment also is a good corporate citizen that had been responsible environmentally, its social corporate behavior had also been impeccable, and they both are company priorities according to what Brinton (1990) and others outline as the proper way of doing business. To demonstrate what the company accomplished in its environmental responsibility area it claims that it had completed as far back as 1999 environment audit on at least 90 of its factories whose outcome was found to be satisfactory and the remaining audit had been completed the following year with similar results.  Both plants the company has in Buenos Aires and Ghana have taken the necessary steps to make both locations facilities environmentally safe and responsible in what they are doing that adheres to what Vogel (1992) outlines as an acceptable global business ethics.

On the behavior side, the company has a code of business principle that oversees employees health, safety, product quality, and environmental impact.  Other commitments of the multinational company includes raising the standard of living of communities where it has facilities, developing ongoing partnership with it employees and business partners, and to work with other entities at various capacities to deal with social, economic, and environmental challenges.  The company had spent 26 million on community involvement and had donated 3 million to disaster relief in 1999 alone demonstrating that it is indeed suitable to be the suitor of an iconic legend based on what its future plans are (Di Norcia and Tinger, 2000).

The Takeover of Ben  Jerrys by Unilever
The most important factor that was the focus was how the smaller iconic company will continue to fare with its social mission when acquired by a multinational company where the priority undoubtedly might be the shareholders and the companys bottom line.  Since the smaller iconic ice cream vending company had many supporters and followers, even if the company was facing growth problem there was a campaign against the takeover and there were suggestions for the company to use a recent statue that will allow any company to reject any takeover offer if found to affect the interest of employees, suppliers, and the economy of the state where the company operates.  In spite of that, Unilever determined to turn around its own sluggish growth was planning to acquire more well-known brands such as Best Foods, Amora Maile, and Slim Fast where Ben  Jerrys just happened to be on the list of preferred choices, because the company had analyzed the strong potential the ice cream vending company has both in the US and globally with the understanding that the ethics the company is employing and its business drive could easily be aligned with the new small company (Kaler, 2000).  With such intent, the company offered 43.60 per share that came to 326 million, which was 25 premium of the current going market price of the stock.  Amidst such heated negotiation, where there was a white knight group out to avert the takeover, the main concern had been that how will the ice cream vending company that was very well known for its social mission would manage to continue to do so once it is under the umbrella of the multinational company.

Accordingly, Unilever was aware of the iconic status of the ice cream vendor and its top management came up with a commitment that would appease the big number of skeptics by allowing the company to retain its brand name, an exception for a company that would absorb companies that it acquired under one of its brands.  Another sweetener was a promise to keep the existing employees at least for two years.  As a third goodwill gesture the acquiring company will commit an initial 5 million into the renowned Ben  Jerrys Foundation.  Further commitment was the original plan where 7.5 of pretax profit that was finding its way into the foundations fund had a cap of 1.1 million for ten years following the acquisition.  The acquiring company had gone out of its way again to appease the opposition of the takeover by choosing to work closely with the existing management team and created an external board that would include the current Ben  Jerrys CEO. The additional five members would be among those who had a long term relation with the acquired company showing that even if the main reason behind the takeover attempt had been profit driven, with the long term anticipation of raising the sluggish sales of Unilever, the company had made sure not to ruffle too much feather because of the mounted opposition it had faced and were given a leeway to make an independent decision where the new selected board members do not have to report to anyone else outside of the group, by making their top priority promoting the brands the ice cream maker was carrying.  Unilever top management were clear about their goal where they stated that they were aware that they are better equipped than anyone else when it comes to cutting cost, but their priority was the supper premium brand the ice cream vendors created that has the values of the company that they pay special attention to and they will listen to any suggestions.

After the Acquisition
Although there were many who said no to the acquisition and skeptics about the icons takeover, one thing clear was Unilever was not either a flop when it comes to corporate responsibility where it had a long standing good record in all the communities it was operating.  There will not be much problem with how to manage the handful products Ben  Jerrys had popularized because Unilever itself has a US based ice-cream operation in Green Bay, Wisconsin from where it was managing well known brands such as Breyers, Good Humor, Popsicle and Klondike.  One key area to highlight that would show the new acquired company was very important for Unilever is that there had been a change of CEO where a new CEO who was well-versed in ice-cream making and selling had taken the helm (Oliver, 1993).  What took place was not different from what takes place when there is a new takeover where the acquired company most of the time will be required to adjust its working procedures to what the acquiring company requires and that took place smoothly.  If there had been a problem it was the letting go of employees because of work redundancy that will surface and even if that cannot take place before the promised two years expires.

Other section the new owner revamped was supply chain management, which the acquiring organization found it to be badly organized and inefficient to the point where it had a negative impact on the environment.  Such activities would inevitably require the closing of some plants or sites while workers will be required to learn new skills.  Although the company was popular with its social inputs, the former owners did not have formal training of any kind to run a company that has a huge growth potential, in fact that was the main reason why they were forced to bring in a CEO, then when they failed to turn around the company they had decided to put it on the block (Peter, 1995).  After finalizing the acquisition the two founding owners became ambassadors of the brand they created with no day-to-day managing responsibility.

As time progressed, the external board was in need of what it called statement of value, which meant both the old and new management should find a middle ground that will mix the old and the new way of doing things, without introducing any negative repercussion to the success of the company.  After settling that aspect, the next concern was efficiency where any kind of cost cutting was welcome.  While such concerns were systematically dealt with and were showing good results, the corporate social responsibility that had made the ice cream maker an icon was not put aside and it was a hot issue discussed that involved the two chairmen of the company who came to the US to discuss the values both companies and what they have going for it currently without taking into consideration how small the iconic company with only 200 million sales was when compared to the multinational with a sales figure of 60 billion showing that the acquired company was in safe hands, as far as pursuing its social responsibility values was concerned.  If there had been one conflict that surfaced, it was that the Unilevers code of ethics prohibits being politically active, an endeavor the smaller company was involved in heavily that resulted in creating a huge amount of brand loyalty, because that was how people were identifying with the ice cream vendor, while at the same time they were savoring the home-made brands the company was churning out.  Although the top management felt the change, they were able to take solace in some of the things they were allowed to do such as partnering with nonprofit organizations and their effort to come up with brands that were organic.  Yet, those at the top and others who knew what the smaller company had been contributing had voiced their dissatisfaction by saying that the shop have become boring and barren of values, highlighting the main driver of business that was making many people visit the stores were the values the company had been immersed into that seemed to be gone.  According to insiders report the company was an edge dweller, meaning that it was active in progressive politics and social issues that had contributed to making people attracted to what was on offer, because there was something more than munching on the ice cream, although consumers enjoyed the ice cream too.

That being as it is, restructuring had to take place that resulted in closure and workers reduction that had varied effect such as some workers who were working at plants that found buyers were able to get employment with the new buyers, while a few got a transfer.  Those who had been with the company saw the layoffs that took place after the two years waiting, as having a negative impact to the companys social role that was known to create employment in economically distressed areas such as Vermont.  When looking at the restructuring that took place the outcome had been that it was possible to bring down the cost structure of the older company that made bringing more ice cream to the market possible by introducing new manufacturing techniques flanked by efficient distribution system, where the company was able not only to meet its target but was able to exceed it.

Conclusion
Overall, the new combined company claims that the social and environmental practices are integrated with the companys business practices revealing that with few exceptions such as avoiding to be active politically, the rest of what Ben  Jerrys uphold from the inception of the company is still in practice.  In fact, themes the smaller company had embraced before the acquisition such as giving high priority to products, economic advancement, and social causes are still the main pillars of the joint company demonstrating that the new merged company will not falter on its social responsibilities as feared by the skeptics.  There are also three groups in the company that are watching how the company implements its social responsibility and they are The Social Group, the Natural Resources areas and Ben  Jerrys foundation where the company is directing some portion of the profit it generates into the hands charitable foundations.  In fact, to show the support of what the iconic company was doing a special manger to oversee what is called the Social Mission for Europe adapted from what the small US company was doing in its social responsibility role had been assigned.