Sport

Type of facility
Verizon Center is an ultra modern sports complex for entertainment that is equipped with all types of modern facilities and mechanics so as to make individuals and families have pleasurable and enjoyable moments. These facilities and equipments are used to hold sporting events, family shows and concerts.

Is the facility tax supported, private, public, profit, or non-profit
Verizon centre is a public facility that is non-profit making and depends on tax for its day to day operations.

Include website address, date opened, and architect
httpwww.verizoncenter.com is the website for the arena. The architect of the Center was Rafael Violy. Rafael Violy was born in Argentina and moved to America in 1978. He is a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, an International Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and a member of the Japan Institute of Architects as well as the Sociedad Central de Arquitectos (Verizon website).

What economic impact does the facility have on the community
Verizon Center has increased the productive potential of Americas economy. The arena has helped in lifting Chinatown from its inability to pay their debts through revenues arising both directly and indirectly to a booming economy thereafter. A lot of money is raised from the arena which includes money from sold tickets during sporting activities and concerts and selling of bonds. Verizon Center has created hundreds of job positions hence improving the living standards of the community surrounding it. The current numbers stands at 234,971 employees at the arena. Employment opportunities are created by the several businesses in the arena and numerous events that are held in the facility annually.

The area surrounding the facility has also developed significantly in terms of infrastructure and service therefore boosting the standards of living too. Many new hotels, restaurants, businesses and apartments have been built around Verizon Center since it was started. This has over the years uplifted the neighboring residents income. The use of the Metro rail system has increased by several million riders this is an increase in revenue of the rail system with an estimated 60 percent of patrons using the rail system when attending events at the arena.

What is the mission statement of the facility
To fully realize the potential of the vast audience our brand has acquired in Maryland over the past 17 years, WNST.net willbe the dominant, honest voice in Maryland media by providing the real content of whats happening in sports in our area.

We will deal with all of our listeners and sponsors with charity, benevolence, dignity and in the effort to educate and help sports fans in Baltimore better understand the big picture of sports so they can enjoy it even more.

We will be an advocate of all things Baltimore and Baltimore sports while keeping a keen 21stCentury-oriented approach to build a bridge between sports and its fans through our website, broadcasts and community activism.

Integrity and accuracy will be our calling card.

What type of budget is used for the facility
The budget used was a bit high, about 200 million US dollars was engaged. Most of the finances for the building came from Private loans. The District of Columbia provided around 60 million US dollars in order to build infrastructure (Strover  Mun, 2006).

Include some of the negative and positive attributes the facility has
The facility has enough space for cheering and it can be very attractive when it is filled to the capacity hence attracting people to attend the events regularly. Sometimes it becomes congested causing noise pollution and disturbing the people living around. This has in the ast led to complaints from the local community.

Where does the funding for the facility come from
Tax and selling of tickets during various activities held at the arena raise funds for the facility. The arena also receives grants from Verizon wireless which is the main sponsor of Verizon Center (Seifert, 2002).

What kinds of programs does the facility offer
 There are various events that are conducted in the arena. The facility provides sporting activities. It has an entertainment complex with seating facilities in the style of a stadium and an electronic scoreboard to aid the programs. The galleries provide a clear view of the events even from far off to aid concerts.

What are some of the facility promotions and who develops those
Promotions of the facility include, giving free tickets to a certain number of ticket purchased, reduced prices of tickets to students sometimes free drinks for those who attend events by buying tickets. The promotions are developed by the managing board in conjunction with owners of various businesses in the arena.

What types of advertising does the facility use to promote it
The facility is advertised using many ways. One of them is through internet where they post information about the arena and is accessed by all people world wide using their web. The arenas notice boards are regularly used to post information and adverts especially when there are major events. Also, use of fixed visual displays adds to the arenas advertising methods of promotion.

Include safety operational procedures.
Safety at the arena is ensured by efficient and effective control of the day to day operations and service of the centre, security, general cleanliness, fans supervision and equipment checks are maintained. There are always people from Americas Red Cross to offer first aid during events, enough security personnel are used to guard the centre and ample parking space for vehicles is provided.

Sports fanatics do not just watch sports, rather they also play it. Compare to a non-sports fanatics they focus most of their time and resources on a specific sports of their interest. Their attitude is often such that they experience an event while living vicariously through players or teams whom they favor with. This kind of behavior manifests itself in a numerous number of ways that depends on the venue. Thus, according to Webster Dictionary, people interested in playing and watching sports is an intentionally association of entity for common ends, especially in an organized group working together or occasionally meeting because of common interest, beliefs or profession. Amusingly, the common interest of most fan sports society in specific sports team is typically associated with geographic area. Although, sometimes the fan base of a team can expand beyond the city or region, people still relate to sports teams in different ways.

In terms of functionalist model of society, it shows an intense fanatical dedication to sports as micro chasm of stability and equilibrium based on common interests and certainties. Through being an enthusiast for a winning or losing team, a fan can continue to support the status quo namely norms, customs, traditions and institutions, which allows for better unity and social structure.  Sports fanatics can be classified in many unlike groups that can be notice across those divisions and simply enjoy the familiarity of being a fan. On the other hand, in terms of conflict model, according to Andrei Markovits it started in term of what he called sports languages that he describe it as a culture of surrounding a particular sport and stressed that is incorporating in this culture. More often it requires a high degree of smoothness in the sports latest statistics, on going debates and history. He describes a fascinating fact  that sports fanatics fluent in a particular sports language are usually excited fans rather than players. A sports fans capability not only to perform sports statistics but also to clarify what these statistics mean comprises an indication of smoothness in a sports language.

The reasons why people idolized a particular sport have been attributed in many factors. One of element of this is because sports spectatorship finds this as a form of leisure. People often find a way to make happy, by watching and playing a specific sports. It is also a form of escapism which gives fan an excuse to yell and cheer at something, one form of activity that may be constrained in other areas of people life. Another factor is that it gives participants activities a combination of euphoria and stress. They experience euphoria during the time when play is going in favor for their team and stress when play is going against their team. Thus, this anxiety between the two emotions generates a strange sense of happiness or heightened feelings.

Other factors that draw for some fans into a specific sports is aesthetics who appreciate the precision or skill of play or the coordinated movement of the players in their pre planned tactics in able to win the game.
Family bonding is another reason for them to become avid supporters of some sports activities. Families go to sports occasionally to watch sports because they find this as a form of psychological bond with each member of the family. Thus, generating a borrowed sense of confidence and strengthening the bond with each member, to the point that they believe in themselves to be triumphant when their teams have been successful in the game.

In overall, being a fanatic or addicted in playing a specific sports has been a part of some people lives because of the fun, entertainment and enjoyment it brings to some people lives. Thus, no wonder that there are a lot of people being into it and love playing and even dying for it.

List five unique attributes of the core product for spectator sports. Use examples to clarify your answers if needed.

The five unique attributes for spectator sports are place, promotion, product price, segmentation and fan identification. The product is an event that is why the marketer has to promote it using all available media at his disposal. The place should be at the convenience of the fan base as well as the prices of the tickets.

List and briefly explain four components of the core product for spectator sports.

The first component which is the place has to be significant and easy to access for the fan base of the sports. Otherwise, it would be hard to turn a profit if the place where the sport will be held is very far away or inconvenient from the people interested in the event. The second component promotion is the marketing effort of the marketer in order to trump up the value of the core product by creating hype or some other thing. The product price which is mainly tickets to the show has to reflect the kind of perceived value that people give to the event. The price has to be at the perfect level, not too expensive and not too cheap. The kind of price asked from the customers is very crucial. The third component is the segmentation of the sports. The ethnic group or the age level of the target market is identified and the core product is then tailored to appeal even more to this ethnic group. The last component is the fan identification. The emotional connection with people and their favorite sports can be used in order to derive more revenues for the producer of the sports.

What is the product life cycle and how does it typically apply to spectator sports

The product life cycle is the creation of a product and the end of its life as a profitable product. In the case of the spectator sports, this is like the advertisement of an upcoming major exciting event and then selling the tickets to the event. The product cycle is considered as finished after the game is finished also. The cycle starts anew again when there is another event to be held. Since the product is the event itself, the shelf life of the product is only as long as the event will last.

Define the three forms of involvement and give one example of each.

The three forms of involvement is fan identification and the use of we mentality instead of them. Lastly, the emotional satisfaction when one gets to have the experienced shared with other people of the same hobby and interest.

List and Describe in detail the steps used to develop a marketing plan.

The first step to developing a marketing plan is to gather the figures for a targeted demographic. The logistical needs like items to be sold and seats to be reserved are going to be assessed around this kind of data. The next step is to identify the business environment for pertinent and useful details. The third step is to advertise the event and sold the tickets.

Describe a sport promotion that appealed to you and why. Why was it effective in delivering the message
A recent sport promotion that appealed to me was the promotion of Pepsi using the Daytona racing sport. It is very nice and appealing since the connection is not very intrusive even though it is obvious. The race are named like Pepsi 400 in order to carry the name of the sponsor unobtrusively to the minds of the viewers.
What is the book definition of Sport Marketing How can you translate it into laymans terms and why would it be considered better than traditional marketing efforts.

The sport marketing is marketing an event as compared to marketing something that is tangible. The traditional marketing on the other hand means that the product is going to be advertisement by the usual tri-media, namely the TV, radio and billboards. There are no social attachments to it the way that you can find in sports marketing. The sports marketing makes use of the emotional bond between the fans and their respective sports team or specific athlete.

List and describe the responsibilities of sport marketers.

The responsibilities of sport marketers are to ensure that the event is targeted to the right population segment at the right price. Other logistical concerns like the venue as well as the ticket price will be enhanced to satisfy the needs of the fans and their ability to pay for the event.

Define the Sport Product. What are some examples and why

Sport products are the tangible items like shirt and caps associated with the sports team.

List and describe types of marketing research and database growth and give a real world example that you have experienced.

The rise of database in usage for marketing makes it possible for marketers nowadays to pinpoint their targets with laser precision. The population as well as their age and ethnicity are well profiled for future usage.

What is the sociology of sport Sociology of sport, sometimes referred to as sports sociology, is an area of sociology that focuses on sport as a social phenomenon and on the social and cultural structures, patterns, and organizations or groups engaged in sport

The difference between sociology and psychology of sport is that while the former focuses on sports as a social phenomenon, the latter is the study of a persons behavior in sport. Psychology of sport is a methodology that seeks to understand mental factors that affect performance in sport thereby enhancing individual and team performance.

Sports as social phenomena Johan Huizingas (19th century) in his Theory of the leisure Class demonstrated an interest of games in humans culture. He identified play as an antithesis to organized and institutionalized activity which requires the coming together of people. He came up with the sociology of sport.

Sports Sport comes from the old French despot meaning leisure. Sports commonly refer to activities where the physical capabilities of the competitor are the sole or primary determinant of the outcome (winning or losing).The term is also used to include activities such as mind sports and motor sports where mental acuity or equipment quality are major factors.

Why study sport Sport being a physical activity that occurs in a given cultural milieu and is socially structured, one needs to understand its prospects. This helps in upholding ones culture.

Six social theories A theory is a statement of relations among concepts within a set of boundary assumptions and constraints (Bacharach, 1989, p. 496). The social theories include Functionalist Theory, Conflict Theory, Interactionist Theory, Critical Theories, Feminist Theories, Figurational Theory.

Why the social theories To provide framework for Asking research questions, interpreting information, analyzing, understand, andor organizing and communicate complicated aspects of our living with and to the people around us.

What theories on sports in society.

Sport is a dependent function that depends a lot on the societal inclinations.

The respiratory system comprises of the nose as the external organ which extends to the nasal cavity. This is divided into the right and the left. As a person breath, air gets in through the nostrils and passes via the meatuses, the internal nares, the blood capillaries and lastly the lungs. The pharynx comprises of three regions, these are the nasopharynx that receives air from the internal nares, the two auditory tubes that balances the air pressure and the pharyngeal tonsil that is located behind the nasopharynx.

Other respiratory parts include the trachea, and the hyaline cartilage. The lungs is one of the major respiratory organ containing the bronchus which are divided repeatedly into smaller branches known as bronchi which in turn form numerous bronchioles of less than 1mm. The final ducts of bronchial tree are the alveolar ducts that also have alveolus and alveolar sac. A dense mesh of capillaries surrounds each of the alveolus. Present are capillary walls that comprise of endothelial cells that are surrounded by slender basement membrane. The main function of human respiratory system is supplying the blood with oxygen so that the blood can deliver this oxygen to other body parts.

PART I THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The human respiratory system is divided into two major parts the upper and lower respiratory systems. The respiratory system is made up of several structures each with unique functions that supplement each other.

The upper respiratory system comprises of the nostrils, the mouth, turbinate, the oropharynx, nasopharnyx, the glottis and the trachea.

The nostril is a cartilage structure located on the anterior portion of the face. It has two openings the nasal cavities through which air entry takes place. The lining of the nasal cavity is moist and has membranous hair structures that promote absorption of the inhaled air. (Marieb, 2001)

The turbinates located at the superior portion of the nasal cavity enclosed with the two bones, these turbinates increase the surface area for air absorption. Equally the turbinates increases the surface area or the distance through which inhaled air has to move through this helps to allow maximum cooling of the air as well as trapping of the particles by the nasal hairs.(Marieb,2001)

The pharynx lies inferior to the turbinates behind the oral and nasal cavity hence the oropharynx and the nasopharnyx.the pharynx allow the passage of the inhaled air down to the trachea. (Marieb, 2001)
The glottis is a small structure but of great importance to the respiratory system it is made up of elastic cartilage. This structure together with the epiglottis open and close simultaneously during inhalation and swallowing of food to prevent food particles from slipping into the trachea. (Marieb, 2001)

The trachea a cartilage ring structure located form the glottis to the bifurcation of the bronchi it allows air to move down to the bronchi. (Marieb, 2001)

The Lower Respiratory System
This portion of the respiratory system is made up of the right and left bronchus, bronchioles, the lungs, the alveoli, the diaphragm and the intercostals muscles.

The bronchus is also a cartilage structure that starts where the trachea ends and begins at the bifurcation, where one portion branches to the left and the other to the right. The bronchi lead to the bronchioles which further branches deep into the lung surface.

Bronchioles-the bronchioles divide form the main bronchus in each part of the lung, they are made up of small and tiny capillaries at their end where they further branch to from the alveoli. (Marieb,2001)
The alveolus is the only place where actual gas exchange takes place. Each lung contains approximately 300 million alveoli that provide a large surface area of about 160m2 enough for gaseous exchange. The alveolus contains both arteries and veins that supply blood through which gaseous exchange takes place. (Marieb, 2001)

The diaphragm is an elastic structure located in the lower part of the thoracic cavity it divides the body cavity. It separates the thoracic cavity that contains the heart and the lungs from the abdominal cavity that contains the viscera like the stomach and the intestines. The diaphragm is elastic in nature and is able to contract as well as to expand during the breathing process (Marieb,2001).

The Function of the Respiratory System
Respiratory System Gas exchange
The primary function of the respiratory system is to exchange gas between the an organisms circulatory system and the external environment. In mammals and humans, this exchange enables oxygenation of the blood with a connected removal of carbon dioxide and other gaseous metabolic wastes from the circulation system. As gas exchange happens, the acid-base balance of the body is preserved as part of homeostasis. If correct ventilation is not maintained, two opposing conditions could take place respiratory acidosis which is a life threatening condition, and respiratory alkalosis (Marieb,2001).

During inhalation, gas exchange takes place at the alveoli, the tiny sacs which are the essential functional parts of the lungs. The walls of alveolar are extremely thin these walls are made up of a single layer of epithelial cells (type I and type II epithelial cells) in close immediacy to the pulmonary capillaries which are made up of a single layer of endothelial cells. The close immediacy of these two cell types permits permeability to gases hence, gas exchange. This entire mechanism of gas exchange is carried by the simple phenomenon of difference in pressure. When the atmospheric pressure is low in the external environment air from lungs flow out but when the air pressure is low inside, then the air from lungs flow in.

Oxygen Delivery System
The respiratory system supplies blood with oxygen so that the blood is able to deliver oxygen to all components of the body. This is done through breathing when we breathe in, we inhale oxygen and when we breathe out we exhale carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is the respiratory systems methods of supplying oxygen to the blood.

Respiration is attained through the nose, mouth, lungs, trachea, and diaphragm. Oxygen gets in the respiratory system through the nose and the mouth. The oxygen then goes through the larynx and the trachea which is a tube that goes up to the chest cavity where the trachea separates into two smaller tubes called the bronchi. Each bronchus then segregates again forming the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes lead into the lungs (directly) where they separate into many smaller tubes which join to tiny sacs called alveoli. The average adults lungs hold about 600 million of these spongy, air-filled sacs that are enclosed by capillaries.

The oxygen that is inhaled passes into the alveoli and then diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood. In the meantime, the waste-rich blood from the veins discharges its carbon dioxide into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same path out of the lungs when a person exhales (Marieb,2001).
The diaphragms function is to assist pump the carbon dioxide out and pull the oxygen into the lungs. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that lies across the base of the chest cavity. As it contracts and relaxes, breathing takes place. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled in the lungs and when it relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs.

The mechanisms of breathing
Inspiration- During inspiration human beings breathe air  in and in the process the intercostals muscles between that ribs contracts pulling the chests walls up and out. The diaphragm muscle below the lungs contracts and flattens increasing the size of the chest. This leads to the increase of the lung size so that the pressure inside the lungs falls lower than the atmospheric pressure. This causes air to rush in through the nose or the mouth. (Marieb,2001)

Expiration-During expiration air is breathing out. The intercostals muscles between the ribs relax so that the chest walls move in and down. The diaphragm muscle below the lungs relax and bulges up this effect reduces the chest wall size, the lungs equally reduce in size so that the pressure inside increases and air is pushed up the trachea and out through the nose and the mouth. (Marieb,2001)

Gas exchange at the alveoli- The inhaled air passes through the thin walls of each alveolus and capillary into the blood stream and equally the gases diffuse from the blood stream into the alveoli. Blood from the pulmonary artery contains high amounts of carbon dioxide, it moves through the semi-permeable wall of alveolus out of the blood into the alveolus while oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into blood. The oxygenated blood moves out of the lungs through the pulmonary veins into the heart for distribution to the rest of the body. (Marieb,2001)

The central control of breathing is mediated by the cells located in the medulla oblongata. These cells respond to rise in levels of carbon dioxide by increasing the activity of the motor nerves that control the intercostals muscles and diaphragm. Equally the carotid body located on the walls of the carotid arteries responds to a drop in oxygen especially in the high altitude areas. The local control of breathing occurs in the walls of the bronchioles which are made of the smooth muscles. These muscles are sensitive to the concentration of the carbon dioxide. When the level of the carbon dioxide rises, the bronchioles dilates lowering the airway resistance and thus increases the flow of air in and out of the lungs. (Marieb,2001)

Breathing during exercise
When a person performing an exercise, the respiratory system reacts by increasing the breathing rate of the individual, this is due to the fact the muscles needs extra oxygen so a person breathes in deeply and quickly in supply the needed oxygen. However, upon stopping the exercise, the breathing rate reduces and the individual will start recovering. Another aspect from the respiratory system due to exercise is the tidal volume, this volume increases in response to the exercise, this is brought about by the need more oxygen in the muscles.

During exercise the body especially the muscle cells use up more oxygen and produces increased amount of carbon dioxide. This means that the lungs have to work extra harder to supply the needed oxygen and remove the carbon dioxide. (Marieb,2001)

In the course of this process the breathing rates increases and the heart rate also increases in order to transport the oxygenated blood to the muscles.

During exercise several changes occur when one is breathing. On the short term the muscle cells uses more
oxygen and thus the level of carbon dioxide rises. The rise leads the brain to send signals to the lungs to increase the rate of breathing. The breathing rates and the volume of air in each breathe increases thus more gaseous exchange takes place. The heart also responds by pumping more blood into the lungs for gaseous exchange. Hence the more oxygenated blood gets to the muscles and more carbon dioxide is removed.
The long term effect of regular exercise is that it strengthens the respiratory system. The respiratory muscles get stronger so that the chest cavity becomes larger. This means that the larger chest cavity allows more air to be inspired therefore increasing the vital capacity. At the same time more blood capillaries form around the alveoli so that more gaseous exchange can take place. (Ray, 2009)

Breathing during exercise
SHAPE   MERGEFORMAT

The exercise-stimulated challenge to the acidity levels in the body has got two varying origins. One, foodstuffs that act as energy sources used for the exercise (the carbohydrates and fats) contains mostly hydrogen, carbon as well as oxygen atoms. During body exercise, the hydrogen atom are taken away to connect with oxygen to give energy, a good example is glucose process,
 
C6H 12O6  6O2  6H2O  6CO2
This results in the body releasing the carbon and oxygen as carbon dioxide in the air. This is because the body s CO2 production is nearly equal to the oxygen consumed during the exercise or sports. However, supposing the ventilation fails to increase sufficiently in the course of the exercise, the level of oxygen in the blood tissue will decrease and the level of carbon dioxide will increase, such aspect will increase the acidity level in the blood.

Response of the respiratory system to anaerobic exercise
For the body to suddenly meet the immediate increased energy requirement, the stored ATP is the first source in supplying this needed energy. However, this energy lasts only for about two seconds.

The stored ATP is broken down into phosphocreatine, however, the ATP-PC system is only able to last for a period of 8-10 seconds after which the PC energy is depleted.

After this, the lactic acid system has to take over the duty of providing energy required for the body to continue with its exercise.

Supposing the exercise goes on at an increase rate, and no enough oxygen is available, then the production of the lactic acid within the body will reach a level that it hinder the normal functioning of the muscle. At this point the muscles will start getting fatigue (McAedle et al., 2000)

PART II The Energy Systems

Having an understanding of energy systems underlines the effect sports and exercise activities have on the body system. One of the most important aspects of sports is having bioenergetics knowledge. However, modern model of the human energy systems seem to challenge the previous models of bioenergetics. This section highlights the three main energy pathways.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) the body energy currency
The body requires energy to carry out any bodily activities such as development, repair, maintenance and even transportation of different substances. Whether a person is running or playing tennis, the skeletal muscles are powered by just one compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is a molecule containing adenosine and three inorganic phosphate groups. Energy from the ATP is released when the molecule combines with water molecule that is hydroysis, thus splitting the phosphate group releasing energy. This leaves now an adenosine phosphate or ADP. When this process occurs in presence of oxygen it is known as aerobic metabolism or oxidative phosphorylation if it occurs without oxygen it is labeled as anaerobic metabolism. (McAedle et al., 2000)

Nonetheless, the body is able to store a very small amount of this particular energy currency into its cells to power it for merely a few seconds of body exercise. Thus, the body has to replace ATP continuously. Understanding the way it replaces this ATP is key to knowing energy systems.  There are several energy sources that replenish the ATPs these includes the energy substrates such as the creatine phosphate, fat, carbohydrate and protein.

1. The ATP-Pcr System (Phosphate Energy system)
It is made up of ATP and the creatine phosphate. It is regulated by an enzyme known as creatine kinase. This system can operate with or without oxygen. It is most relied systems of energy during the first 5 seconds of exercise, regardless of the intensity. The ATP Pcr system can sustain exercises for 3-15 seconds and it is during this time period that the power output is at the greatest. (Baechle and Earle, 2000)
 This system mainly produces energy in short span of time thus is mostly used during short sprints or short distance races like 100meters. This means that during the prolonged activity will need the body to rely on another system to produce ATP.

2. The Glycolytic System
This system breaks down glucose through a series of enzymatic reactions. The end product is pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid formed is funneled through Krebs cycle or it is converted into lactic acid. There are two types of glycolysis the fast glycolysis in which the end product is Lactic acid and slow glycolysis in which the Pyruvate is funneled through the Krebs cycle. Fast glycolytic system produces energy at a greater rate, but this leads to accumulation of lactic acid which causes extreme muscle fatigue.
The fast glycolytic systems is most useful after the initial 10 seconds of exercise when the maximal muscle power output drops because the phosphate energy system begins to wear down. (McArdle et al.,2000)

3. The Oxidative System.
It comprises of four processes that produces ATP, this includes the slow glycolysis, Krebs cycle (lactic acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle), Electron transport chain and beta oxidation. The slow glycolysis metabolizes glucose to form two ATPs and the end product pyruvic acid is converted to Acetyl coenzyme-A. (Wilmore  Costill, 2005)

The Krebs cycle- It continues the oxidization of glucose that started during glycolysis. Acetyl coenzyme A enters the Krebs cycle and is broken down into carbon dioxide and hydrogen forming two more ATPs. The hydrogen produced in this phase and in the glycolysis phase combines with two enzymes called NAD and FAD. The hydrogen is then transported to the electron transport chain. (McArdle et al.,2000)

Electron Transport Chain-Hydrogen produced in the glycolysis process and the Krebs cycle is carried through a series of chemical reactions and it combines with oxygen to form water to prevent acidification in the body muscles. In this process a total of 34 ATPs are produced and oxygen is used as well in the process. (McArdle et al.,2000)

Beta oxidation-this process involves the reduction of broken down fatty acids into acetyl coenzyme A and hydrogen before they enter the Krebs cycle.(Wilmore  Costill,2005)

Protein metabolism-Protein subunits, amino acids, can be converted into glucose or acetyl coenzyme A, thus allowing the protein to make a vital contribution during prolonged exercise activity. During rest and low intensity exercise the body muscles utilizes energy form the oxidative system. It takes approximately 90 seconds for the oxidative system to set up and produce maximal power output however this time can be lowered by proper training. (Baechle and Earle, 2000)

In summary, this paper has looked at the structures and function of the respiratory system. The mechanism of breathing during both normal rest period and during exercises have been discussed, as well as the three energy system that supply the adenosine triphosphate which is  the energy molecules in the muscles. Therefore adequate and proper functioning respiratory system is essential for good exercise activities.

Tottenham hotspurs is a football club also going by the name the Spurs. Main element of this sporting organization is football activities in England. Foot ball being the most popular sporting event on earth and with many clubs in the world for instance MLS Galaxy in the United States league one among others, marketing Tottenham club remains tricky due to average performance every year out but the club remains popular worldwide. The club has membership of shareholders who are registered either adult, dribbler, junior and fans who normally buy tickets to watch them play in the league and corporate membership of companies. The game form is soccer played by twelve players who kick the soccer ball in a soccer pitch.

The football organization has a home ground known as the white hart lane in London city and has a seating capacity of approximately thirty seven thousand fans in one game. Spurs have the first regular team and reserve team and continues to source for good players and sourcing talent to propel the club in becoming a force in the premiership. They play home game at their white hart lane stadium in a white t-shirt jersey and away games where they visit a team in the premiership. To get an opportunity to watch them play tickets are presold to fans who always fill the stadium to capacity during the home games. The fan base is made of both young as well as old people across the globe. The club is owned by the public members in form of shares.

Other products of spurs include soccer schools, hospitality services operations during the match with conference and events activities throughout and souvenirs shops with home wares, DVDs, spurs magazines and the clubs jerseys. All these activities are geared towards improving the clubs revenues. Product extensions include stadium tours, road shows and a virtual stadium tours and spurs foundation. The spurs package their product by selling membership cards and their hospitable team of support staff.

Woods and ATT
When Tiger Woods was dropped by ATT on the eve of the New Year as its spokesman, ATT did not pay Woods any of the huge amounts of money it owed the golf player this was confirmed by a companys official. Furthermore, ATT did not go to court in order to end its ties with Woods. The first sponsor who responded to the numerous reports concerning the infidelities of Woods was Accenture. The company responded by bringing an end the deals it had with the golf player although there was still some time left before the contract was over. However, Accentures spokesman failed to reveal whether the company paid Woods any monies for the remaining part of the contract (SANDOMIR, January 20, 2010).

The deals may not have been done away with had the golf player and his IMG agent Mark Steinberg, not concurred to have the two sponsors released. While responding to questions via e-mail, Steinberg refused to have any discussions concerning Woods deals. At the same time, IMG refused to avail its executives, making it quite clear that IMG had already made a decision on the fate of Woods. Woods has faced a sex scandal which has greatly tarnished his name and at the same time exposed his private life extensively. While it was right for IMG to sever its contracts with Woods in order to protect its image, the manner in which it terminated them is very questionable. This is because Woods was not given a chance to defend himself over the allegations and again it is not clear whether or not the company paid the monies it owed Woods (SANDOMIR, January 20, 2010).

Phil de Picciotto, who is the president of personalities and athletes at the sports agency of Octagon, said that Woods and IMG perhaps did not wish to force unfriendly sponsors to continue, particularly when it was quite evident that such sponsors were less willing to market him through their product and service categories. The president further said that Woods would not battle with IMG since it would not add any value to him and in fact it would make the matter even worse (SANDOMIR, January 20, 2010).

The power of Woods in the market before the eruption of the scandal provided him with a lot of protection from most of his sponsors. They could therefore rarely terminate any of his contracts on mere allegations and they could probably do so only when the golfer could have been convicted for felonies that are concerning moral turpitude. However, it is quite difficult to draw a conclusion at this point since most of the details pertaining Woods contracts are yet to be disclosed (SANDOMIR, January 20, 2010).

If Accenture and ATT sued Woods in order to release him from the deals they had with him, such a move would have compelled the golfer into a testimony that could have been very embarrassing concerning his infidelities. Up to date, Woods has responded to the allegations of the sex scandal only via statements he posts on the Web site. Most of the deals that Woods has with IMG require the latter to pay either all or some of the amount it owes Woods. Someone who is quite familiar with the process of making decisions at IMG, but who did not want to be mentioned told New York Times that it is possible that although IMG has already terminated its contracts with Woods to pay him the full amount of money it owes him. However, it is highly possible that IMG will seek to have the matter dealt with outside the courts so as to ensure that it does not embarrass Woods (SANDOMIR, January 20, 2010).