Treatment Procedures in sports medicine

Identify the three components of neuromuscular control.

The nervous system controls the contraction and relaxation of muscles bringing about movement. The brain is the part of the body that deals with the coordination of muscle movements. Neurons relay both voluntary and autonomic signal from the brain to the muscles. Neuromuscular control is composed of three components. These include volitional control, which is the conscious control of muscles or in other words voluntary control of muscles. The other component of neuromuscular control is the reflex responses. A good example of this is correction of balance while standing on one leg. Reflex response implies that information from the central nervous system must be accurately relayed to the muscles. The last component is the complex, functional movement (Denegar, Saliba  Saliba, 2009).

Differentiate between neuromuscular control deficits and muscle atrophy as causes of muscular weakness.
Muscle atrophy is in other words referred to as wasting of muscle tissue. There are two types of muscle wasting disuse atrophy and neurogenic atrophy. Disuse atrophy results from failure to exercise regularly. Muscle atrophy in many people results from lack of enough use of muscles. People who have jobs that do not entail constant motion have a high risk of developing muscle atrophy. This type of atrophy can be corrected with regular exercise. Decreased muscle tone occurs in bedridden people and astronauts who are far away from earths gravity. The other type of atrophy, neurogenic atrophy, occurs as a result of an injury to, or disease of nerves. Diseases that affect the nerves include poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Giullain-Bare syndrome. Strength of muscles decreases with age. Exercise is crucial for the development of strong bones and muscles (Lephart  Fu, 2000).

Neuromuscular control deficits lead to an impediment in personal reaction time which is a peripheral reflex. Impairment of movement about a single joint may be associated with the deficits in the regulation of the thresholds of stretch reflex of antagonists and agonist muscles (Denegar, Saliba and Saliba, 2009). Factors affecting nervous control of muscles that leads to stability or instability of the spinal cord are influenced by fatigue and mechanical rigidity of the musculoskeletal system. Rigidity in particular negatively affects the contraction of muscles in the body. Inhibition of neuromuscular control by fatigue is detrimental to runners. Fatigue leads to development of muscle imbalance and reduces neuromuscular response and also alters susceptibility of strain injury in fatigued muscles (Granata, Slota  Wilson, 2004).

Discuss the effects of swelling, pain, and joint instability on neuromuscular control.
Tension as well as of muscle exhaustion leads to muscle pain. Muscle pain is very disturbing to an individual. Stiffness and pain in the joints also leads to discomfort. A lot of joint pain involves some form of swelling  either systemic or local. The inflammatory cascade triggered by injury to the joint in conjunction with the function of the white blood cells results to swelling and redness of the joint and thus pain and immobility. Pain and inflammation of joints negatively affects the nervous control of muscles. Pain greatly hinders nervous stimulation of muscles. An impulse from the central nervous system on reaching a certain joint is not put into effect due to pain and swelling of joints which causes immobility. Swelling, pain and joint instability lead to weakness. Failure of contraction of muscles as a result of pain also leads to weakness. In case joints are frozen and unable to move as a result of inflammation, muscles are not able to cause movement. Weakness may affect one joint or limb. This is clearly illustrated when a single muscle, joint or a nerve is diseased (Denegar, Saliba, and Saliba, 2009).

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